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150 lines
5.2 KiB
Markdown
150 lines
5.2 KiB
Markdown
# Beeldverkryging & Monteer
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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## Verkryging
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> Verkry altyd **slegs lees** en **hash terwyl jy kopieer**. Hou die oorspronklike toestel **skryfbeskerm** en werk slegs op geverifieerde kopieë.
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### DD
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```bash
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# Generate a raw, bit-by-bit image (no on-the-fly hashing)
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dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img bs=4M status=progress conv=noerror,sync
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# Verify integrity afterwards
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sha256sum disk.img > disk.img.sha256
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```
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### dc3dd / dcfldd
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`dc3dd` is die aktief onderhoude fork van dcfldd (DoD Computer Forensics Lab dd).
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```bash
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# Create an image and calculate multiple hashes at acquisition time
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sudo dc3dd if=/dev/sdc of=/forensics/pc.img hash=sha256,sha1 hashlog=/forensics/pc.hashes log=/forensics/pc.log bs=1M
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```
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### Guymager
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Grafiese, multithreaded imager wat **raw (dd)**, **EWF (E01/EWFX)** en **AFF4** uitvoer met parallelle verifikasie ondersteun. Beskikbaar in die meeste Linux repos (`apt install guymager`).
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```bash
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# Start in GUI mode
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sudo guymager
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# Or acquire from CLI (since v0.9.5)
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sudo guymager --simulate --input /dev/sdb --format EWF --hash sha256 --output /evidence/drive.e01
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```
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### AFF4 (Geavanceerde Forensiese Formaat 4)
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AFF4 is Google se moderne beeldformaat wat ontwerp is vir *baie* groot bewyse (spaar, hervatbaar, wolk-natiewe).
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```bash
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# Acquire to AFF4 using the reference tool
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pipx install aff4imager
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sudo aff4imager acquire /dev/nvme0n1 /evidence/nvme.aff4 --hash sha256
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# Velociraptor can also acquire AFF4 images remotely
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velociraptor --config server.yaml frontend collect --artifact Windows.Disk.Acquire --args device="\\.\\PhysicalDrive0" format=AFF4
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```
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### FTK Imager (Windows & Linux)
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Jy kan [FTK Imager aflaai](https://accessdata.com/product-download) en **raw, E01 of AFF4** beelde skep:
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```bash
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ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 \
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--description 'Laptop seizure 2025-07-22' --examiner 'AnalystName' --compress 6
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```
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### EWF gereedskap (libewf)
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```bash
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sudo ewfacquire /dev/sdb -u evidence -c 1 -d "Seizure 2025-07-22" -e 1 -X examiner --format encase6 --compression best
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```
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### Beeldvorming van Wolk Skyfies
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*AWS* – skep 'n **forensiese snapshot** sonder om die instansie af te sluit:
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```bash
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aws ec2 create-snapshot --volume-id vol-01234567 --description "IR-case-1234 web-server 2025-07-22"
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# Copy the snapshot to S3 and download with aws cli / aws snowball
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```
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*Azure* – gebruik `az snapshot create` en voer uit na 'n SAS-URL. Sien die HackTricks-bladsy {{#ref}}
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../../cloud/azure/azure-forensics.md
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{{#endref}}
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## Monteer
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### Kies die regte benadering
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1. Monteer die **hele skyf** wanneer jy die oorspronklike partisie tabel (MBR/GPT) wil hê.
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2. Monteer 'n **enkele partisie lêer** wanneer jy net een volume nodig het.
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3. Monteer altyd **slegs lees** (`-o ro,norecovery`) en werk op **kopieë**.
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### Rau beelde (dd, AFF4-uitgetrek)
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```bash
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# Identify partitions
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fdisk -l disk.img
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# Attach the image to a network block device (does not modify the file)
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sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16
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sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 --read-only disk.img
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# Inspect partitions
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lsblk /dev/nbd0 -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID
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# Mount a partition (e.g. /dev/nbd0p2)
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sudo mount -o ro,uid=$(id -u) /dev/nbd0p2 /mnt
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```
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Ontkoppel wanneer klaar:
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```bash
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sudo umount /mnt && sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
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```
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### EWF (E01/EWFX)
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```bash
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# 1. Mount the EWF container
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mkdir /mnt/ewf
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ewfmount evidence.E01 /mnt/ewf
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# 2. Attach the exposed raw file via qemu-nbd (safer than loop)
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sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd1 --read-only /mnt/ewf/ewf1
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# 3. Mount the desired partition
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sudo mount -o ro,norecovery /dev/nbd1p1 /mnt/evidence
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```
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Alternatiewelik op die vlieg omskakel met **xmount**:
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```bash
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xmount --in ewf evidence.E01 --out raw /tmp/raw_mount
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mount -o ro /tmp/raw_mount/image.dd /mnt
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```
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### LVM / BitLocker / VeraCrypt volumes
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Nadat die bloktoestel (loop of nbd) aangeheg is:
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```bash
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# LVM
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sudo vgchange -ay # activate logical volumes
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sudo lvscan | grep "/dev/nbd0"
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# BitLocker (dislocker)
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sudo dislocker -V /dev/nbd0p3 -u -- /mnt/bitlocker
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sudo mount -o ro /mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file /mnt/evidence
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```
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### kpartx helpers
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`kpartx` kaart partities van 'n beeld outomaties na `/dev/mapper/`:
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```bash
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sudo kpartx -av disk.img # creates /dev/mapper/loop0p1, loop0p2 …
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mount -o ro /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt
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```
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### Algemene monteerfoute & oplossings
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| Fout | Tipiese Oorsaak | Oplossing |
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|-------|---------------|-----|
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| `cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only` | Journaled FS (ext4) nie skoon ontkoppel nie | gebruik `-o ro,norecovery` |
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| `bad superblock …` | Verkeerde offset of beskadigde FS | bereken offset (`sector*size`) of voer `fsck -n` op 'n kopie uit |
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| `mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member'` | LVM houer | aktiveer volume groep met `vgchange -ay` |
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### Skoonmaak
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Onthou om **umount** en **ontkoppel** loop/nbd toestelle om te verhoed dat daar losstaande kaarte agterbly wat verdere werk kan beskadig:
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```bash
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umount -Rl /mnt/evidence
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kpartx -dv /dev/loop0 # or qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
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```
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## Verwysings
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- AFF4 beeldvorming hulpmiddel aankondiging & spesifikasie: https://github.com/aff4/aff4
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- qemu-nbd handleiding bladsy (veiligheid van skyfbeeldes monteer): https://manpages.debian.org/qemu-system-common/qemu-nbd.1.en.html
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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