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hacktricks/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md

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Beeldverkryging & Monteer

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Verkryging

Verkry altyd slegs lees en hash terwyl jy kopieer. Hou die oorspronklike toestel skryfbeskerm en werk slegs op geverifieerde kopieë.

DD

# Generate a raw, bit-by-bit image (no on-the-fly hashing)
dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img bs=4M status=progress conv=noerror,sync
# Verify integrity afterwards
sha256sum disk.img > disk.img.sha256

dc3dd / dcfldd

dc3dd is die aktief onderhoude fork van dcfldd (DoD Computer Forensics Lab dd).

# Create an image and calculate multiple hashes at acquisition time
sudo dc3dd if=/dev/sdc of=/forensics/pc.img hash=sha256,sha1 hashlog=/forensics/pc.hashes log=/forensics/pc.log bs=1M

Guymager

Grafiese, multithreaded imager wat raw (dd), EWF (E01/EWFX) en AFF4 uitvoer met parallelle verifikasie ondersteun. Beskikbaar in die meeste Linux repos (apt install guymager).

# Start in GUI mode
sudo guymager
# Or acquire from CLI (since v0.9.5)
sudo guymager --simulate --input /dev/sdb --format EWF --hash sha256 --output /evidence/drive.e01

AFF4 (Geavanceerde Forensiese Formaat 4)

AFF4 is Google se moderne beeldformaat wat ontwerp is vir baie groot bewyse (spaar, hervatbaar, wolk-natiewe).

# Acquire to AFF4 using the reference tool
pipx install aff4imager
sudo aff4imager acquire /dev/nvme0n1 /evidence/nvme.aff4 --hash sha256

# Velociraptor can also acquire AFF4 images remotely
velociraptor --config server.yaml frontend collect --artifact Windows.Disk.Acquire --args device="\\.\\PhysicalDrive0" format=AFF4

FTK Imager (Windows & Linux)

Jy kan FTK Imager aflaai en raw, E01 of AFF4 beelde skep:

ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 \
--description 'Laptop seizure 2025-07-22' --examiner 'AnalystName' --compress 6

EWF gereedskap (libewf)

sudo ewfacquire /dev/sdb -u evidence -c 1 -d "Seizure 2025-07-22" -e 1 -X examiner --format encase6 --compression best

Beeldvorming van Wolk Skyfies

AWS – skep 'n forensiese snapshot sonder om die instansie af te sluit:

aws ec2 create-snapshot --volume-id vol-01234567 --description "IR-case-1234 web-server 2025-07-22"
# Copy the snapshot to S3 and download with aws cli / aws snowball

Azure – gebruik az snapshot create en voer uit na 'n SAS-URL. Sien die HackTricks-bladsy {{#ref}} ../../cloud/azure/azure-forensics.md {{#endref}}

Monteer

Kies die regte benadering

  1. Monteer die hele skyf wanneer jy die oorspronklike partisie tabel (MBR/GPT) wil hê.
  2. Monteer 'n enkele partisie lêer wanneer jy net een volume nodig het.
  3. Monteer altyd slegs lees (-o ro,norecovery) en werk op kopieë.

Rau beelde (dd, AFF4-uitgetrek)

# Identify partitions
fdisk -l disk.img

# Attach the image to a network block device (does not modify the file)
sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16
sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 --read-only disk.img

# Inspect partitions
lsblk /dev/nbd0 -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID

# Mount a partition (e.g. /dev/nbd0p2)
sudo mount -o ro,uid=$(id -u) /dev/nbd0p2 /mnt

Ontkoppel wanneer klaar:

sudo umount /mnt && sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0

EWF (E01/EWFX)

# 1. Mount the EWF container
mkdir /mnt/ewf
ewfmount evidence.E01 /mnt/ewf

# 2. Attach the exposed raw file via qemu-nbd (safer than loop)
sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd1 --read-only /mnt/ewf/ewf1

# 3. Mount the desired partition
sudo mount -o ro,norecovery /dev/nbd1p1 /mnt/evidence

Alternatiewelik op die vlieg omskakel met xmount:

xmount --in ewf evidence.E01 --out raw /tmp/raw_mount
mount -o ro /tmp/raw_mount/image.dd /mnt

LVM / BitLocker / VeraCrypt volumes

Nadat die bloktoestel (loop of nbd) aangeheg is:

# LVM
sudo vgchange -ay               # activate logical volumes
sudo lvscan | grep "/dev/nbd0"

# BitLocker (dislocker)
sudo dislocker -V /dev/nbd0p3 -u -- /mnt/bitlocker
sudo mount -o ro /mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file /mnt/evidence

kpartx helpers

kpartx kaart partities van 'n beeld outomaties na /dev/mapper/:

sudo kpartx -av disk.img  # creates /dev/mapper/loop0p1, loop0p2 …
mount -o ro /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt

Algemene monteerfoute & oplossings

Fout Tipiese Oorsaak Oplossing
cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only Journaled FS (ext4) nie skoon ontkoppel nie gebruik -o ro,norecovery
bad superblock … Verkeerde offset of beskadigde FS bereken offset (sector*size) of voer fsck -n op 'n kopie uit
mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member' LVM houer aktiveer volume groep met vgchange -ay

Skoonmaak

Onthou om umount en ontkoppel loop/nbd toestelle om te verhoed dat daar losstaande kaarte agterbly wat verdere werk kan beskadig:

umount -Rl /mnt/evidence
kpartx -dv /dev/loop0  # or qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0

Verwysings

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