hacktricks/src/pentesting-web/parameter-pollution.md

# Parameter Pollution | JSON Injection

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## Muhtasari wa HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)

HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP) ni mbinu ambapo washambuliaji wanabadilisha vigezo vya HTTP ili kubadilisha tabia ya programu ya wavuti kwa njia zisizokusudiwa. Ubadilishaji huu unafanywa kwa kuongeza, kubadilisha, au kuiga vigezo vya HTTP. Athari za mabadiliko haya hazionekani moja kwa moja kwa mtumiaji lakini zinaweza kubadilisha kwa kiasi kikubwa utendaji wa programu upande wa seva, huku zikiwa na athari zinazoweza kuonekana upande wa mteja.

### Mfano wa HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)

URL ya muamala wa programu ya benki:

- **URL ya Asili:** `https://www.victim.com/send/?from=accountA&to=accountB&amount=10000`

Kwa kuingiza vigezo vya ziada `from`:

- **URL iliyobadilishwa:** `https://www.victim.com/send/?from=accountA&to=accountB&amount=10000&from=accountC`

Muamala unaweza kuchajiwa kwa makosa kwa `accountC` badala ya `accountA`, ikionyesha uwezo wa HPP kubadilisha miamala au kazi nyingine kama vile kurekebisha nywila, mipangilio ya 2FA, au maombi ya funguo za API.

#### **Uchambuzi wa Vigezo Maalum kwa Teknolojia**

- Njia vigezo vinavyopangwa na kupewa kipaumbele inategemea teknolojia ya wavuti inayotumika, ikikathiri jinsi HPP inavyoweza kutumika.
- Zana kama [Wappalyzer](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/wappalyzer/) husaidia kubaini teknolojia hizi na tabia zao za uchambuzi.

### PHP na HPP Ukatili

**Kesi ya Ubadilishaji wa OTP:**

- **Muktadha:** Mfumo wa kuingia unaohitaji Nambari ya Muda Mmoja (OTP) ulitumiwa vibaya.
- **Mbinu:** Kwa kukamata ombi la OTP kwa kutumia zana kama Burp Suite, washambuliaji waliga vigezo vya `email` katika ombi la HTTP.
- **Matokeo:** OTP, iliyokusudiwa kwa barua pepe ya awali, ilitumwa badala yake kwa anwani ya barua pepe ya pili iliyotajwa katika ombi lililobadilishwa. Kasoro hii iliruhusu ufikiaji usioidhinishwa kwa kukwepa kipimo cha usalama kilichokusudiwa.

Hali hii inaonyesha makosa makubwa katika backend ya programu, ambayo ilipokea kigezo cha kwanza cha `email` kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa OTP lakini ilitumia cha mwisho kwa ajili ya usambazaji.

**Kesi ya Ubadilishaji wa Funguo za API:**

- **Hali:** Programu inaruhusu watumiaji kuboresha funguo zao za API kupitia ukurasa wa mipangilio ya wasifu.
- **Njia ya Shambulio:** Mshambuliaji anagundua kwamba kwa kuongeza kigezo cha ziada `api_key` kwenye ombi la POST, wanaweza kubadilisha matokeo ya kazi ya kuboresha funguo za API.
- **Mbinu:** Kwa kutumia zana kama Burp Suite, mshambuliaji anaunda ombi ambalo lina vigezo viwili vya `api_key`: kimoja halali na kingine kibaya. Seva, ikipokea tu matukio ya mwisho, inasasisha funguo za API kwa thamani iliyotolewa na mshambuliaji.
- **Matokeo:** Mshambuliaji anapata udhibiti juu ya utendaji wa API wa mwathirika, akipata au kubadilisha data binafsi bila idhini.

Mfano huu unasisitiza zaidi umuhimu wa kushughulikia vigezo kwa usalama, hasa katika vipengele muhimu kama usimamizi wa funguo za API.

### Uchambuzi wa Vigezo: Flask vs. PHP

Njia teknolojia za wavuti zinavyoshughulikia vigezo vya HTTP vilivyoiga inatofautiana, ikikathiri uwezekano wao wa kushambuliwa na HPP:

- **Flask:** Inachukua thamani ya kigezo cha kwanza kilichokutana, kama `a=1` katika mfuatano wa maswali `a=1&a=2`, ikipa kipaumbele mfano wa awali kuliko nakala zinazofuata.
- **PHP (katika Apache HTTP Server):** Kinyume chake, inapa kipaumbele thamani ya mwisho ya kigezo, ikichagua `a=2` katika mfano uliopewa. Tabia hii inaweza kwa bahati mbaya kuruhusu matumizi mabaya ya HPP kwa kuheshimu kigezo kilichobadilishwa na mshambuliaji badala ya asili.

## Uchafuzi wa vigezo kwa teknolojia

Matokeo haya yalichukuliwa kutoka [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/http-parameter-pollution-in-2024-32ec1b810f89](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/http-parameter-pollution-in-2024-32ec1b810f89)

### PHP 8.3.11 NA Apache 2.4.62 <a href="#id-9523" id="id-9523"></a>

<figure><img src="../images/image (1255).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*l_Pf2JNCYhmfAvfk7UTEbQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*l_Pf2JNCYhmfAvfk7UTEbQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>

1. Puuza chochote baada ya %00 katika jina la kigezo.
2. Shughulikia jina\[] kama array.
3. \_GET haina maana ya GET Method.
4. Pendelea kigezo cha mwisho.

### Ruby 3.3.5 na WEBrick 1.8.2

<figure><img src="../images/image (1257).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*kKxtZ8qEmgTIMS81py5hhg.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*kKxtZ8qEmgTIMS81py5hhg.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>

1. Inatumia vichungi & na ; kugawanya vigezo.
2. Haitambui jina\[].
3. Pendelea kigezo cha kwanza.

### Spring MVC 6.0.23 NA Apache Tomcat 10.1.30 <a href="#dd68" id="dd68"></a>

<figure><img src="../images/image (1258).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*llG22MF1gPTYZYFVCmCiVw.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*llG22MF1gPTYZYFVCmCiVw.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>

1. POST RequestMapping == PostMapping & GET RequestMapping == GetMapping.
2. POST RequestMapping & PostMapping inatambua jina\[].
3. Pendelea jina ikiwa jina NA jina\[] vinapatikana.
4. Unganisha vigezo e.g. kwanza, mwisho.
5. POST RequestMapping & PostMapping inatambua kigezo cha swali chenye Content-Type.

### **NodeJS** 20.17.0 **NA** Express 4.21.0 <a href="#id-6d72" id="id-6d72"></a>

<figure><img src="../images/image (1259).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*JzNkLOSW7orcHXswtMHGMA.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*JzNkLOSW7orcHXswtMHGMA.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>

1. Inatambua jina\[].
2. Unganisha vigezo e.g. kwanza, mwisho.

### GO 1.22.7 <a href="#id-63dc" id="id-63dc"></a>

<figure><img src="../images/image (1260).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NVvN1N8sL4g_Gi796FzlZA.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*NVvN1N8sL4g_Gi796FzlZA.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>

1. Haitambui jina\[].
2. Pendelea kigezo cha kwanza.

### Python 3.12.6 NA Werkzeug 3.0.4 NA Flask 3.0.3 <a href="#b853" id="b853"></a>

<figure><img src="../images/image (1261).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*Se5467PFFjIlmT3O7KNlWQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*Se5467PFFjIlmT3O7KNlWQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>

1. Haitambui jina\[].
2. Pendelea kigezo cha kwanza.

### Python 3.12.6 NA Django 4.2.15 <a href="#id-8079" id="id-8079"></a>

<figure><img src="../images/image (1262).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rf38VXut5YhAx0ZhUzgT8Q.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*rf38VXut5YhAx0ZhUzgT8Q.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>

1. Haitambui jina\[].
2. Pendelea kigezo cha mwisho.

### Python 3.12.6 NA Tornado 6.4.1 <a href="#id-2ad8" id="id-2ad8"></a>

<figure><img src="../images/image (1263).png" alt=""><figcaption><p><a href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*obCn7xahDc296JZccXM2qQ.jpeg">https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*obCn7xahDc296JZccXM2qQ.jpeg</a></p></figcaption></figure>

1. Haitambui jina\[].
2. Pendelea kigezo cha mwisho.

## JSON Injection

### Vifunguo Vilivyoiga
```ini
obj = {"test": "user", "test": "admin"}
```
Mbele inaweza kuamini tukio la kwanza wakati nyuma inatumia tukio la pili la ufunguo.

### Mkutano wa Ufunguo: Kukatwa kwa Wahusika na Maoni

Wahusika fulani hawawezi kutafsiriwa vizuri na mbele lakini nyuma watawatafsiri na kutumia ufunguo hao, hii inaweza kuwa na manufaa ili **kupita vizuizi fulani**:
```json
{"test": 1, "test\[raw \x0d byte]": 2}
{"test": 1, "test\ud800": 2}
{"test": 1, "test"": 2}
{"test": 1, "te\st": 2}
```
Kumbuka jinsi katika kesi hizi upande wa mbele unaweza kufikiria kwamba `test == 1` na upande wa nyuma utafikiri kwamba `test == 2`.

Hii pia inaweza kutumika kupita vizuizi vya thamani kama:
```json
{"role": "administrator\[raw \x0d byte]"}
{"role":"administrator\ud800"}
{"role": "administrator""}
{"role": "admini\strator"}
```
### **Kutumia Kukatwa kwa Maoni**
```ini
obj = {"description": "Duplicate with comments", "test": 2, "extra": /*, "test": 1, "extra2": */}
```
Hapa tutatumia serializer kutoka kila parser ili kuona matokeo yake.

Serializer 1 (kwa mfano, maktaba ya GoJay ya GoLang) itatoa:

- `description = "Duplicate with comments"`
- `test = 2`
- `extra = ""`

Serializer 2 (kwa mfano, maktaba ya JSON-iterator ya Java) itatoa:

- `description = "Duplicate with comments"`
- `extra = "/*"`
- `extra2 = "*/"`
- `test = 1`

Vinginevyo, matumizi rahisi ya maoni yanaweza pia kuwa na ufanisi:
```ini
obj = {"description": "Comment support", "test": 1, "extra": "a"/*, "test": 2, "extra2": "b"*/}
```
Maktaba ya GSON ya Java:
```json
{ "description": "Comment support", "test": 1, "extra": "a" }
```
Maktaba ya simdjson ya Ruby:
```json
{ "description": "Comment support", "test": 2, "extra": "a", "extra2": "b" }
```
### **Kukosekana kwa Kipaumbele: Deserialization dhidi ya Serialization**
```ini
obj = {"test": 1, "test": 2}

obj["test"] // 1
obj.toString() // {"test": 2}
```
### Float and Integer

Nambari
```undefined
999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
```
inaweza kufasiriwa kwa uwakilishi mwingi, ikiwa ni pamoja na:
```undefined
999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
9.999999999999999e95
1E+96
0
9223372036854775807
```
Ambayo yanaweza kuunda ukosefu wa usawa

## Marejeleo

- [https://medium.com/@shahjerry33/http-parameter-pollution-its-contaminated-85edc0805654](https://medium.com/@shahjerry33/http-parameter-pollution-its-contaminated-85edc0805654)
- [https://github.com/google/google-ctf/tree/master/2023/web-under-construction/solution](https://github.com/google/google-ctf/tree/master/2023/web-under-construction/solution)
- [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/http-parameter-pollution-in-2024-32ec1b810f89](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/http-parameter-pollution-in-2024-32ec1b810f89)
- [https://bishopfox.com/blog/json-interoperability-vulnerabilities](https://bishopfox.com/blog/json-interoperability-vulnerabilities)


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