hacktricks/src/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ftp/README.md

# 21 - Pentesting FTP

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## Basic Information

**File Transfer Protocol (FTP)** ni itifaki ya kawaida ya uhamishaji wa faili kati ya mtandao wa kompyuta kati ya seva na mteja.\
Ni itifaki ya **plain-text** inayotumia **karakteri mpya `0x0d 0x0a`** hivyo wakati mwingine unahitaji **kuunganisha kwa kutumia `telnet`** au **`nc -C`**.

**Port ya Kawaida:** 21
```
PORT   STATE SERVICE
21/tcp open  ftp
```
### Connections Active & Passive

Katika **Active FTP**, **mteja** wa FTP kwanza **ananzisha** **muunganisho** wa udhibiti kutoka bandari yake N hadi bandari ya amri ya FTP Server - bandari 21. **Mteja** kisha **anasikiliza** bandari **N+1** na kutuma bandari N+1 kwa FTP Server. FTP **Server** kisha **ananzisha** **muunganisho** wa data, kutoka **bandari yake M hadi bandari N+1** ya Mteja wa FTP.

Lakini, ikiwa Mteja wa FTP ana mfumo wa moto (firewall) ulioanzishwa ambao unadhibiti muunganisho wa data unaoingia kutoka nje, basi Active FTP inaweza kuwa tatizo. Na, suluhisho linalowezekana kwa hilo ni Passive FTP.

Katika **Passive FTP**, mteja anaanzisha muunganisho wa udhibiti kutoka bandari yake N hadi bandari 21 ya FTP Server. Baada ya hii, mteja anatoa **amri ya passv**. Server kisha inatuma nambari moja ya bandari yake M kwa mteja. Na **mteja** **ananzisha** **muunganisho** wa data kutoka **bandari yake P hadi bandari M** ya FTP Server.

Source: [https://www.thesecuritybuddy.com/vulnerabilities/what-is-ftp-bounce-attack/](https://www.thesecuritybuddy.com/vulnerabilities/what-is-ftp-bounce-attack/)

### Connection debugging

Amri za **FTP** **`debug`** na **`trace`** zinaweza kutumika kuona **jinsi mawasiliano yanavyofanyika**.

## Enumeration

### Banner Grabbing
```bash
nc -vn <IP> 21
openssl s_client -connect crossfit.htb:21 -starttls ftp #Get certificate if any
```
### Unganisha na FTP kwa kutumia starttls
```
lftp
lftp :~> set ftp:ssl-force true
lftp :~> set ssl:verify-certificate no
lftp :~> connect 10.10.10.208
lftp 10.10.10.208:~> login
Usage: login <user|URL> [<pass>]
lftp 10.10.10.208:~> login username Password
```
### Unauth enum

With **nmap**
```bash
sudo nmap -sV -p21 -sC -A 10.10.10.10
```
Unaweza kutumia amri `HELP` na `FEAT` kupata taarifa fulani za seva ya FTP:
```
HELP
214-The following commands are recognized (* =>'s unimplemented):
214-CWD     XCWD    CDUP    XCUP    SMNT*   QUIT    PORT    PASV
214-EPRT    EPSV    ALLO*   RNFR    RNTO    DELE    MDTM    RMD
214-XRMD    MKD     XMKD    PWD     XPWD    SIZE    SYST    HELP
214-NOOP    FEAT    OPTS    AUTH    CCC*    CONF*   ENC*    MIC*
214-PBSZ    PROT    TYPE    STRU    MODE    RETR    STOR    STOU
214-APPE    REST    ABOR    USER    PASS    ACCT*   REIN*   LIST
214-NLST    STAT    SITE    MLSD    MLST
214 Direct comments to root@drei.work

FEAT
211-Features:
PROT
CCC
PBSZ
AUTH TLS
MFF modify;UNIX.group;UNIX.mode;
REST STREAM
MLST modify*;perm*;size*;type*;unique*;UNIX.group*;UNIX.mode*;UNIX.owner*;
UTF8
EPRT
EPSV
LANG en-US
MDTM
SSCN
TVFS
MFMT
SIZE
211 End

STAT
#Info about the FTP server (version, configs, status...)
```
### Anonymous login

_anonymous : anonymous_\
\_anonymous :_\
\_ftp : ftp_
```bash
ftp <IP>
>anonymous
>anonymous
>ls -a # List all files (even hidden) (yes, they could be hidden)
>binary #Set transmission to binary instead of ascii
>ascii #Set transmission to ascii instead of binary
>bye #exit
```
### [Brute force](../../generic-hacking/brute-force.md#ftp)

Hapa unaweza kupata orodha nzuri ya akauti za ftp za default: [https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/master/Passwords/Default-Credentials/ftp-betterdefaultpasslist.txt](https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists/blob/master/Passwords/Default-Credentials/ftp-betterdefaultpasslist.txt)

### Automated

Anon login na bounce FTP checks zinafanywa kwa default na nmap kwa kutumia chaguo **-sC** au:
```bash
nmap --script ftp-* -p 21 <ip>
```
## Browser connection

Unaweza kuungana na seva ya FTP kwa kutumia kivinjari (kama Firefox) kwa kutumia URL kama:
```bash
ftp://anonymous:anonymous@10.10.10.98
```
Kumbuka kwamba ikiwa **programu ya wavuti** inatuma data inayodhibitiwa na mtumiaji **moja kwa moja kwa seva ya FTP** unaweza kutuma uandishi wa URL mara mbili `%0d%0a` (katika uandishi wa URL mara mbili hii ni `%250d%250a`) na kufanya **seva ya FTP ifanye vitendo vya kiholela**. Mojawapo ya vitendo hivi vya kiholela ni kupakua maudhui kutoka kwa seva inayodhibitiwa na mtumiaji, kufanya skanning ya bandari au kujaribu kuzungumza na huduma zingine za msingi wa maandiko ya wazi (kama http).

## Pakua faili zote kutoka FTP
```bash
wget -m ftp://anonymous:anonymous@10.10.10.98 #Donwload all
wget -m --no-passive ftp://anonymous:anonymous@10.10.10.98 #Download all
```
Ikiwa jina la mtumiaji/nenosiri lako lina wahusika maalum, [amri ifuatayo](https://stackoverflow.com/a/113900/13647948) inaweza kutumika:
```bash
wget -r --user="USERNAME" --password="PASSWORD" ftp://server.com/
```
## Some FTP commands

- **`USER username`**
- **`PASS password`**
- **`HELP`** Seva inadhihirisha amri zipi zinakubaliwa
- **`PORT 127,0,0,1,0,80`** Hii itamwambia seva ya FTP kuanzisha muunganisho na IP 127.0.0.1 kwenye bandari 80 (_unahitaji kuweka herufi ya 5 kama "0" na ya 6 kama bandari kwa desimali au tumia ya 5 na 6 kuonyesha bandari kwa hex_).
- **`EPRT |2|127.0.0.1|80|`** Hii itamwambia seva ya FTP kuanzisha muunganisho wa TCP (_unaonyeshwa na "2"_) na IP 127.0.0.1 kwenye bandari 80. Amri hii **inasaidia IPv6**.
- **`LIST`** Hii itatuma orodha ya faili katika folda ya sasa
- **`LIST -R`** Orodha kwa njia ya kurudi (ikiwa inaruhusiwa na seva)
- **`APPE /path/something.txt`** Hii itamwambia FTP kuhifadhi data iliyopokelewa kutoka kwa muunganisho **wa passiv** au kutoka kwa muunganisho **wa PORT/EPRT** kwenye faili. Ikiwa jina la faili lipo, litazidisha data.
- **`STOR /path/something.txt`** Kama `APPE` lakini itafuta faili
- **`STOU /path/something.txt`** Kama `APPE`, lakini ikiwa ipo haitafanya chochote.
- **`RETR /path/to/file`** Muunganisho wa passiv au wa bandari lazima uanzishwe. Kisha, seva ya FTP itatuma faili iliyoonyeshwa kupitia muunganisho huo
- **`REST 6`** Hii itamwambia seva kwamba wakati wa kutuma kitu kwa kutumia `RETR` inapaswa kuanza kwenye byte ya 6.
- **`TYPE i`** Weka uhamishaji kuwa wa binary
- **`PASV`** Hii itafungua muunganisho wa passiv na itamwambia mtumiaji wapi anaweza kuunganishwa
- **`PUT /tmp/file.txt`** Pakia faili iliyoonyeshwa kwenye FTP

![](<../../images/image (386).png>)

## FTPBounce attack

Seva zingine za FTP zinaruhusu amri ya PORT. Amri hii inaweza kutumika kuonyesha kwa seva kwamba unataka kuungana na seva nyingine ya FTP kwenye bandari fulani. Kisha, unaweza kutumia hii kuchunguza ni bandari zipi za mwenyeji ziko wazi kupitia seva ya FTP.

[**Learn here how to abuse a FTP server to scan ports.**](ftp-bounce-attack.md)

Unaweza pia kutumia tabia hii kufanya seva ya FTP ishughulike na protokali nyingine. Unaweza **kupakia faili inayoshikilia ombi la HTTP** na kufanya seva ya FTP iliyo hatarini **itume kwa seva ya HTTP isiyo na mpangilio** (_labda kuongeza mtumiaji mpya wa admin?_) au hata kupakia ombi la FTP na kufanya seva ya FTP iliyo hatarini ipakue faili kutoka seva nyingine ya FTP.\
Nadharia ni rahisi:

1. **Pakia ombi (ndani ya faili ya maandiko) kwenye seva iliyo hatarini.** Kumbuka kwamba ikiwa unataka kuzungumza na seva nyingine ya HTTP au FTP unahitaji kubadilisha mistari kwa `0x0d 0x0a`
2. **Tumia `REST X` ili kuepuka kutuma wahusika usiotaka kutuma** (labda ili kupakia ombi ndani ya faili unahitaji kuweka kichwa cha picha mwanzoni)
3. **Tumia `PORT` kuungana na seva na huduma isiyo na mpangilio**
4. **Tumia `RETR` kutuma ombi lililohifadhiwa kwa seva.**

Ni uwezekano mkubwa kwamba hii **itaonyesha kosa kama** _**Socket not writable**_ **kwa sababu muunganisho haukudumu vya kutosha kutuma data kwa `RETR`**. Mapendekezo ya kujaribu kuepuka hilo ni:

- Ikiwa unatumia ombi la HTTP, **weka ombi sawa moja baada ya nyingine** hadi **\~0.5MB** angalau. Kama hii:

{{#file}}
posts.txt
{{#endfile}}

- Jaribu **kujaza ombi na data "za junk" zinazohusiana na protokali** (ukizungumza na FTP labda amri za junk tu au kurudia maagizo ya `RETR` ili kupata faili)
- Tu **jaza ombi na wahusika wengi wa null au wengine** (iliyogawanywa kwenye mistari au la)

Hata hivyo, hapa kuna [mfano wa zamani kuhusu jinsi ya kutumia hii kufanya seva ya FTP ipakue faili kutoka seva nyingine ya FTP.](ftp-bounce-download-2oftp-file.md)

## Filezilla Server Vulnerability

**FileZilla** kawaida **huunganisha** na **local** huduma ya **Administrative** kwa **FileZilla-Server** (bandari 14147). Ikiwa unaweza kuunda **tunnel** kutoka **kifaa chako** kufikia bandari hii, unaweza **kuungana** nayo kwa kutumia **nenosiri tupu** na **kuunda** mtumiaji **mpya** kwa huduma ya FTP.

## Config files
```
ftpusers
ftp.conf
proftpd.conf
vsftpd.conf
```
### Post-Exploitation

Mipangilio ya kawaida ya vsFTPd inaweza kupatikana katika `/etc/vsftpd.conf`. Hapa, unaweza kupata mipangilio hatari:

- `anonymous_enable=YES`
- `anon_upload_enable=YES`
- `anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES`
- `anon_root=/home/username/ftp` - Katalogi ya kwa ajili ya wasiojulikana.
- `chown_uploads=YES` - Badilisha umiliki wa faili zilizopakiwa kwa njia isiyo ya kujulikana
- `chown_username=username` - Mtumiaji ambaye anapewa umiliki wa faili zilizopakiwa kwa njia isiyo ya kujulikana
- `local_enable=YES` - Ruhusu watumiaji wa ndani kuingia
- `no_anon_password=YES` - Usimuulize wasiojulikana kuhusu nenosiri
- `write_enable=YES` - Ruhusu amri: STOR, DELE, RNFR, RNTO, MKD, RMD, APPE, na SITE

### Shodan

- `ftp`
- `port:21`

## HackTricks Automatic Commands
```
Protocol_Name: FTP    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  21     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: File Transfer Protocol          #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for FTP
Note: |
Anonymous Login
-bi     <<< so that your put is done via binary

wget --mirror 'ftp://ftp_user:UTDRSCH53c"$6hys@10.10.10.59'
^^to download all dirs and files

wget --no-passive-ftp --mirror 'ftp://anonymous:anonymous@10.10.10.98'
if PASV transfer is disabled

https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ftp/index.html

Entry_2:
Name: Banner Grab
Description: Grab FTP Banner via telnet
Command: telnet -n {IP} 21

Entry_3:
Name: Cert Grab
Description: Grab FTP Certificate if existing
Command: openssl s_client -connect {IP}:21 -starttls ftp

Entry_4:
Name: nmap ftp
Description: Anon login and bounce FTP checks are performed
Command: nmap --script ftp-* -p 21 {IP}

Entry_5:
Name: Browser Connection
Description: Connect with Browser
Note: ftp://anonymous:anonymous@{IP}

Entry_6:
Name: Hydra Brute Force
Description: Need Username
Command: hydra -t 1 -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} -vV {IP} ftp

Entry_7:
Name: consolesless mfs enumeration ftp
Description: FTP enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/anonymous; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 21; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 21; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/bison_ftp_traversal; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 21; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/colorado_ftp_traversal; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 21; run; exit' &&  msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/titanftp_xcrc_traversal; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 21; run; exit'
```
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