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# Pata na Kuunganisha
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# Pata Picha & Mount
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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## Upataji
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> Daima pata **kusoma tu** na **hash wakati unakopya**. Hifadhi kifaa cha asili **kikiwa kimezuiwa kuandika** na fanya kazi tu kwenye nakala zilizothibitishwa.
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### DD
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```bash
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#This will generate a raw copy of the disk
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dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img
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# Generate a raw, bit-by-bit image (no on-the-fly hashing)
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dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img bs=4M status=progress conv=noerror,sync
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# Verify integrity afterwards
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sha256sum disk.img > disk.img.sha256
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```
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### dcfldd
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```bash
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#Raw copy with hashes along the way (more secur as it checks hashes while it's copying the data)
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dcfldd if=<subject device> of=<image file> bs=512 hash=<algorithm> hashwindow=<chunk size> hashlog=<hash file>
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dcfldd if=/dev/sdc of=/media/usb/pc.image hash=sha256 hashwindow=1M hashlog=/media/usb/pc.hashes
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```
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### FTK Imager
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### dc3dd / dcfldd
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Unaweza [**kupakua FTK imager kutoka hapa**](https://accessdata.com/product-download/debian-and-ubuntu-x64-3-1-1).
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`dc3dd` ni tawi linaloendelea kudumishwa la dcfldd (DoD Computer Forensics Lab dd).
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```bash
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ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 --description 'A description' --examiner 'Your name'
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# Create an image and calculate multiple hashes at acquisition time
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sudo dc3dd if=/dev/sdc of=/forensics/pc.img hash=sha256,sha1 hashlog=/forensics/pc.hashes log=/forensics/pc.log bs=1M
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```
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### EWF
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Unaweza kuunda picha ya diski kwa kutumia [**ewf tools**](https://github.com/libyal/libewf).
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### Guymager
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Picha ya grafiki, yenye nyuzi nyingi inayounga mkono **raw (dd)**, **EWF (E01/EWFX)** na **AFF4** matokeo na uthibitisho wa sambamba. Inapatikana katika sehemu nyingi za Linux (`apt install guymager`).
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```bash
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ewfacquire /dev/sdb
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#Name: evidence
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#Case number: 1
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#Description: A description for the case
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#Evidence number: 1
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#Examiner Name: Your name
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#Media type: fixed
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#Media characteristics: physical
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#File format: encase6
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#Compression method: deflate
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#Compression level: fast
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#Then use default values
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#It will generate the disk image in the current directory
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# Start in GUI mode
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sudo guymager
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# Or acquire from CLI (since v0.9.5)
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sudo guymager --simulate --input /dev/sdb --format EWF --hash sha256 --output /evidence/drive.e01
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```
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### AFF4 (Advanced Forensics Format 4)
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AFF4 ni muundo wa picha wa kisasa wa Google ulioandaliwa kwa ajili ya *sana* ushahidi mkubwa (sparse, resumable, cloud-native).
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```bash
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# Acquire to AFF4 using the reference tool
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pipx install aff4imager
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sudo aff4imager acquire /dev/nvme0n1 /evidence/nvme.aff4 --hash sha256
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# Velociraptor can also acquire AFF4 images remotely
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velociraptor --config server.yaml frontend collect --artifact Windows.Disk.Acquire --args device="\\.\\PhysicalDrive0" format=AFF4
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```
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### FTK Imager (Windows & Linux)
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Unaweza [kupakua FTK Imager](https://accessdata.com/product-download) na kuunda **raw, E01 au AFF4** picha:
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```bash
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ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 \
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--description 'Laptop seizure 2025-07-22' --examiner 'AnalystName' --compress 6
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```
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### EWF tools (libewf)
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```bash
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sudo ewfacquire /dev/sdb -u evidence -c 1 -d "Seizure 2025-07-22" -e 1 -X examiner --format encase6 --compression best
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```
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### Imaging Cloud Disks
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*AWS* – tengeneza **forensic snapshot** bila kuzima mfano:
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```bash
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aws ec2 create-snapshot --volume-id vol-01234567 --description "IR-case-1234 web-server 2025-07-22"
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# Copy the snapshot to S3 and download with aws cli / aws snowball
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```
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*Azure* – tumia `az snapshot create` na uhamasishaji kwa URL ya SAS. Tazama ukurasa wa HackTricks {{#ref}}
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../../cloud/azure/azure-forensics.md
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{{#endref}}
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## Mount
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### Aina kadhaa
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### Kuchagua njia sahihi
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Katika **Windows** unaweza kujaribu kutumia toleo la bure la Arsenal Image Mounter ([https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/)) ili **kuweka picha ya uchunguzi**.
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1. Mount **disk nzima** unapohitaji jedwali la awali la sehemu (MBR/GPT).
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2. Mount **faili ya sehemu moja** unapohitaji kiasi kimoja tu.
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3. Daima mount **kusoma tu** (`-o ro,norecovery`) na fanya kazi kwenye **nakala**.
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### Raw
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```bash
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#Get file type
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file evidence.img
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evidence.img: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=1031571c-f398-4bfb-a414-b82b280cf299 (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files)
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#Mount it
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mount evidence.img /mnt
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```
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### EWF
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```bash
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#Get file type
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file evidence.E01
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evidence.E01: EWF/Expert Witness/EnCase image file format
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#Transform to raw
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mkdir output
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ewfmount evidence.E01 output/
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file output/ewf1
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output/ewf1: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=05acca66-d042-4ab2-9e9c-be813be09b24 (needs journal recovery) (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files)
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#Mount
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mount output/ewf1 -o ro,norecovery /mnt
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```
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### ArsenalImageMounter
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Ni Programu ya Windows ya kuunganisha volumes. Unaweza kuipakua hapa [https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/)
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### Errors
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- **`cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only`** katika kesi hii unahitaji kutumia bendera **`-o ro,norecovery`**
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- **`wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/loop0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.`** katika kesi hii kuunganisha kumeshindwa kwa sababu offset ya filesystem ni tofauti na ile ya picha ya diski. Unahitaji kupata Ukubwa wa Sekta na Sekta ya Mwanzo:
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### Picha za Raw (dd, AFF4-extracted)
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```bash
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# Identify partitions
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fdisk -l disk.img
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Disk disk.img: 102 MiB, 106954648 bytes, 208896 sectors
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Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
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I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
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Disklabel type: dos
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Disk identifier: 0x00495395
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Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
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disk.img1 2048 208895 206848 101M 1 FAT12
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# Attach the image to a network block device (does not modify the file)
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sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16
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sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 --read-only disk.img
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# Inspect partitions
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lsblk /dev/nbd0 -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID
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# Mount a partition (e.g. /dev/nbd0p2)
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sudo mount -o ro,uid=$(id -u) /dev/nbd0p2 /mnt
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```
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Kumbuka kwamba saizi ya sekta ni **512** na mwanzo ni **2048**. Kisha pandisha picha kama hii:
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Kata wakati umemaliza:
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```bash
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mount disk.img /mnt -o ro,offset=$((2048*512))
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sudo umount /mnt && sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
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```
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### EWF (E01/EWFX)
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```bash
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# 1. Mount the EWF container
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mkdir /mnt/ewf
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ewfmount evidence.E01 /mnt/ewf
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# 2. Attach the exposed raw file via qemu-nbd (safer than loop)
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sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd1 --read-only /mnt/ewf/ewf1
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# 3. Mount the desired partition
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sudo mount -o ro,norecovery /dev/nbd1p1 /mnt/evidence
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```
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Mbadala yake, badilisha papo hapo kwa kutumia **xmount**:
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```bash
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xmount --in ewf evidence.E01 --out raw /tmp/raw_mount
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mount -o ro /tmp/raw_mount/image.dd /mnt
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```
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### LVM / BitLocker / VeraCrypt volumes
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Baada ya kuunganisha kifaa cha block (loop au nbd):
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```bash
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# LVM
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sudo vgchange -ay # activate logical volumes
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sudo lvscan | grep "/dev/nbd0"
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# BitLocker (dislocker)
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sudo dislocker -V /dev/nbd0p3 -u -- /mnt/bitlocker
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sudo mount -o ro /mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file /mnt/evidence
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```
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### kpartx helpers
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`kpartx` inachora sehemu kutoka picha hadi `/dev/mapper/` kiotomatiki:
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```bash
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sudo kpartx -av disk.img # creates /dev/mapper/loop0p1, loop0p2 …
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mount -o ro /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt
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```
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### Makosa ya kawaida ya kuunganisha & suluhisho
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| Kosa | Sababu ya Kawaida | Suluhisho |
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|-------|---------------|-----|
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| `cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only` | FS iliyorekodiwa (ext4) haijafungwa kwa usahihi | tumia `-o ro,norecovery` |
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| `bad superblock …` | Offset mbaya au FS iliyoharibika | hesabu offset (`sector*size`) au endesha `fsck -n` kwenye nakala |
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| `mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member'` | Kontena la LVM | aktivisha kundi la volumu kwa `vgchange -ay` |
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### Safisha
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Kumbuka **umount** na **disconnect** vifaa vya loop/nbd ili kuepuka kuacha ramani zisizofanya kazi ambazo zinaweza kuharibu kazi zaidi:
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```bash
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umount -Rl /mnt/evidence
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kpartx -dv /dev/loop0 # or qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
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```
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## Marejeo
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- Tangazo la chombo cha picha za AFF4 & spesifikesheni: https://github.com/aff4/aff4
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- Ukurasa wa mwongozo wa qemu-nbd (kuweka picha za diski kwa usalama): https://manpages.debian.org/qemu-system-common/qemu-nbd.1.en.html
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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