diff --git a/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md b/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md
index 19f550243..c88c0bb61 100644
--- a/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md
+++ b/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md
@@ -1,98 +1,149 @@
-# Pata na Kuunganisha
+# Pata Picha & Mount
 
 {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
 
 
 ## Upataji
 
+> Daima pata **kusoma tu** na **hash wakati unakopya**. Hifadhi kifaa cha asili **kikiwa kimezuiwa kuandika** na fanya kazi tu kwenye nakala zilizothibitishwa.
+
 ### DD
 ```bash
-#This will generate a raw copy of the disk
-dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img
+# Generate a raw, bit-by-bit image (no on-the-fly hashing)
+dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img bs=4M status=progress conv=noerror,sync
+# Verify integrity afterwards
+sha256sum disk.img > disk.img.sha256
 ```
-### dcfldd
-```bash
-#Raw copy with hashes along the way (more secur as it checks hashes while it's copying the data)
-dcfldd if=<subject device> of=<image file> bs=512 hash=<algorithm> hashwindow=<chunk size> hashlog=<hash file>
-dcfldd if=/dev/sdc of=/media/usb/pc.image hash=sha256 hashwindow=1M hashlog=/media/usb/pc.hashes
-```
-### FTK Imager
+### dc3dd / dcfldd
 
-Unaweza [**kupakua FTK imager kutoka hapa**](https://accessdata.com/product-download/debian-and-ubuntu-x64-3-1-1).
+`dc3dd` ni tawi linaloendelea kudumishwa la dcfldd (DoD Computer Forensics Lab dd).
 ```bash
-ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 --description 'A description' --examiner 'Your name'
+# Create an image and calculate multiple hashes at acquisition time
+sudo dc3dd if=/dev/sdc of=/forensics/pc.img hash=sha256,sha1 hashlog=/forensics/pc.hashes log=/forensics/pc.log bs=1M
 ```
-### EWF
-
-Unaweza kuunda picha ya diski kwa kutumia [**ewf tools**](https://github.com/libyal/libewf).
+### Guymager
+Picha ya grafiki, yenye nyuzi nyingi inayounga mkono **raw (dd)**, **EWF (E01/EWFX)** na **AFF4** matokeo na uthibitisho wa sambamba. Inapatikana katika sehemu nyingi za Linux (`apt install guymager`).
 ```bash
-ewfacquire /dev/sdb
-#Name: evidence
-#Case number: 1
-#Description: A description for the case
-#Evidence number: 1
-#Examiner Name: Your name
-#Media type: fixed
-#Media characteristics: physical
-#File format: encase6
-#Compression method: deflate
-#Compression level: fast
-
-#Then use default values
-#It will generate the disk image in the current directory
+# Start in GUI mode
+sudo guymager
+# Or acquire from CLI (since v0.9.5)
+sudo guymager --simulate --input /dev/sdb --format EWF --hash sha256 --output /evidence/drive.e01
 ```
+### AFF4 (Advanced Forensics Format 4)
+
+AFF4 ni muundo wa picha wa kisasa wa Google ulioandaliwa kwa ajili ya *sana* ushahidi mkubwa (sparse, resumable, cloud-native).
+```bash
+# Acquire to AFF4 using the reference tool
+pipx install aff4imager
+sudo aff4imager acquire /dev/nvme0n1 /evidence/nvme.aff4 --hash sha256
+
+# Velociraptor can also acquire AFF4 images remotely
+velociraptor --config server.yaml frontend collect --artifact Windows.Disk.Acquire --args device="\\.\\PhysicalDrive0" format=AFF4
+```
+### FTK Imager (Windows & Linux)
+
+Unaweza [kupakua FTK Imager](https://accessdata.com/product-download) na kuunda **raw, E01 au AFF4** picha:
+```bash
+ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 \
+--description 'Laptop seizure 2025-07-22' --examiner 'AnalystName' --compress 6
+```
+### EWF tools (libewf)
+```bash
+sudo ewfacquire /dev/sdb -u evidence -c 1 -d "Seizure 2025-07-22" -e 1 -X examiner --format encase6 --compression best
+```
+### Imaging Cloud Disks
+
+*AWS* – tengeneza **forensic snapshot** bila kuzima mfano:
+```bash
+aws ec2 create-snapshot --volume-id vol-01234567 --description "IR-case-1234 web-server 2025-07-22"
+# Copy the snapshot to S3 and download with aws cli / aws snowball
+```
+*Azure* – tumia `az snapshot create` na uhamasishaji kwa URL ya SAS. Tazama ukurasa wa HackTricks {{#ref}}
+../../cloud/azure/azure-forensics.md
+{{#endref}}
+
+
 ## Mount
 
-### Aina kadhaa
+### Kuchagua njia sahihi
 
-Katika **Windows** unaweza kujaribu kutumia toleo la bure la Arsenal Image Mounter ([https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/)) ili **kuweka picha ya uchunguzi**.
+1. Mount **disk nzima** unapohitaji jedwali la awali la sehemu (MBR/GPT).
+2. Mount **faili ya sehemu moja** unapohitaji kiasi kimoja tu.
+3. Daima mount **kusoma tu** (`-o ro,norecovery`) na fanya kazi kwenye **nakala**.
 
-### Raw
-```bash
-#Get file type
-file evidence.img
-evidence.img: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=1031571c-f398-4bfb-a414-b82b280cf299 (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files)
-
-#Mount it
-mount evidence.img /mnt
-```
-### EWF
-```bash
-#Get file type
-file evidence.E01
-evidence.E01: EWF/Expert Witness/EnCase image file format
-
-#Transform to raw
-mkdir output
-ewfmount evidence.E01 output/
-file output/ewf1
-output/ewf1: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=05acca66-d042-4ab2-9e9c-be813be09b24 (needs journal recovery) (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files)
-
-#Mount
-mount output/ewf1 -o ro,norecovery /mnt
-```
-### ArsenalImageMounter
-
-Ni Programu ya Windows ya kuunganisha volumes. Unaweza kuipakua hapa [https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/)
-
-### Errors
-
-- **`cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only`** katika kesi hii unahitaji kutumia bendera **`-o ro,norecovery`**
-- **`wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/loop0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.`** katika kesi hii kuunganisha kumeshindwa kwa sababu offset ya filesystem ni tofauti na ile ya picha ya diski. Unahitaji kupata Ukubwa wa Sekta na Sekta ya Mwanzo:
+### Picha za Raw (dd, AFF4-extracted)
 ```bash
+# Identify partitions
 fdisk -l disk.img
-Disk disk.img: 102 MiB, 106954648 bytes, 208896 sectors
-Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
-Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
-I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
-Disklabel type: dos
-Disk identifier: 0x00495395
 
-Device        Boot Start    End Sectors  Size Id Type
-disk.img1       2048 208895  206848  101M  1 FAT12
+# Attach the image to a network block device (does not modify the file)
+sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16
+sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 --read-only disk.img
+
+# Inspect partitions
+lsblk /dev/nbd0 -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID
+
+# Mount a partition (e.g. /dev/nbd0p2)
+sudo mount -o ro,uid=$(id -u) /dev/nbd0p2 /mnt
 ```
-Kumbuka kwamba saizi ya sekta ni **512** na mwanzo ni **2048**. Kisha pandisha picha kama hii:
+Kata wakati umemaliza:
 ```bash
-mount disk.img /mnt -o ro,offset=$((2048*512))
+sudo umount /mnt && sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
 ```
+### EWF (E01/EWFX)
+```bash
+# 1. Mount the EWF container
+mkdir /mnt/ewf
+ewfmount evidence.E01 /mnt/ewf
+
+# 2. Attach the exposed raw file via qemu-nbd (safer than loop)
+sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd1 --read-only /mnt/ewf/ewf1
+
+# 3. Mount the desired partition
+sudo mount -o ro,norecovery /dev/nbd1p1 /mnt/evidence
+```
+Mbadala yake, badilisha papo hapo kwa kutumia **xmount**:
+```bash
+xmount --in ewf evidence.E01 --out raw /tmp/raw_mount
+mount -o ro /tmp/raw_mount/image.dd /mnt
+```
+### LVM / BitLocker / VeraCrypt volumes
+
+Baada ya kuunganisha kifaa cha block (loop au nbd):
+```bash
+# LVM
+sudo vgchange -ay               # activate logical volumes
+sudo lvscan | grep "/dev/nbd0"
+
+# BitLocker (dislocker)
+sudo dislocker -V /dev/nbd0p3 -u -- /mnt/bitlocker
+sudo mount -o ro /mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file /mnt/evidence
+```
+### kpartx helpers
+
+`kpartx` inachora sehemu kutoka picha hadi `/dev/mapper/` kiotomatiki:
+```bash
+sudo kpartx -av disk.img  # creates /dev/mapper/loop0p1, loop0p2 …
+mount -o ro /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt
+```
+### Makosa ya kawaida ya kuunganisha & suluhisho
+
+| Kosa | Sababu ya Kawaida | Suluhisho |
+|-------|---------------|-----|
+| `cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only` | FS iliyorekodiwa (ext4) haijafungwa kwa usahihi | tumia `-o ro,norecovery` |
+| `bad superblock …` | Offset mbaya au FS iliyoharibika | hesabu offset (`sector*size`) au endesha `fsck -n` kwenye nakala |
+| `mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member'` | Kontena la LVM | aktivisha kundi la volumu kwa `vgchange -ay` |
+
+### Safisha
+
+Kumbuka **umount** na **disconnect** vifaa vya loop/nbd ili kuepuka kuacha ramani zisizofanya kazi ambazo zinaweza kuharibu kazi zaidi:
+```bash
+umount -Rl /mnt/evidence
+kpartx -dv /dev/loop0  # or qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
+```
+## Marejeo
+
+- Tangazo la chombo cha picha za AFF4 & spesifikesheni: https://github.com/aff4/aff4
+- Ukurasa wa mwongozo wa qemu-nbd (kuweka picha za diski kwa usalama): https://manpages.debian.org/qemu-system-common/qemu-nbd.1.en.html
+
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