Translated ['src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-meth

src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md

@@ -1,98 +1,149 @@
-# 图像采集与挂载
+# 图像获取与挂载
 
 {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
 
 
-## 采集
+## 获取
+
+> 始终进行**只读**获取并**在复制时进行哈希**。保持原始设备**写保护**，仅在经过验证的副本上工作。
 
 ### DD
 ```bash
-#This will generate a raw copy of the disk
+# Generate a raw, bit-by-bit image (no on-the-fly hashing)
-dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img
+dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img bs=4M status=progress conv=noerror,sync
+# Verify integrity afterwards
+sha256sum disk.img > disk.img.sha256
 ```
-### dcfldd
+### dc3dd / dcfldd
-```bash
-#Raw copy with hashes along the way (more secur as it checks hashes while it's copying the data)
-dcfldd if=<subject device> of=<image file> bs=512 hash=<algorithm> hashwindow=<chunk size> hashlog=<hash file>
-dcfldd if=/dev/sdc of=/media/usb/pc.image hash=sha256 hashwindow=1M hashlog=/media/usb/pc.hashes
-```
-### FTK Imager
 
-您可以[**从这里下载 FTK imager**](https://accessdata.com/product-download/debian-and-ubuntu-x64-3-1-1)。
+`dc3dd` 是 dcfldd (DoD 计算机取证实验室 dd) 的积极维护分支。
 ```bash
-ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 --description 'A description' --examiner 'Your name'
+# Create an image and calculate multiple hashes at acquisition time
+sudo dc3dd if=/dev/sdc of=/forensics/pc.img hash=sha256,sha1 hashlog=/forensics/pc.hashes log=/forensics/pc.log bs=1M
 ```
-### EWF
+### Guymager
-
+图形化的多线程成像工具，支持 **raw (dd)**、**EWF (E01/EWFX)** 和 **AFF4** 输出，并具有并行验证功能。可在大多数 Linux 仓库中获取（`apt install guymager`）。
-您可以使用[ **ewf tools**](https://github.com/libyal/libewf)生成磁盘映像。
 ```bash
-ewfacquire /dev/sdb
+# Start in GUI mode
-#Name: evidence
+sudo guymager
-#Case number: 1
+# Or acquire from CLI (since v0.9.5)
-#Description: A description for the case
+sudo guymager --simulate --input /dev/sdb --format EWF --hash sha256 --output /evidence/drive.e01
-#Evidence number: 1
-#Examiner Name: Your name
-#Media type: fixed
-#Media characteristics: physical
-#File format: encase6
-#Compression method: deflate
-#Compression level: fast
-
-#Then use default values
-#It will generate the disk image in the current directory
 ```
+### AFF4 (高级取证格式 4)
+
+AFF4 是谷歌为 *非常* 大的证据（稀疏、可恢复、云原生）设计的现代成像格式。
+```bash
+# Acquire to AFF4 using the reference tool
+pipx install aff4imager
+sudo aff4imager acquire /dev/nvme0n1 /evidence/nvme.aff4 --hash sha256
+
+# Velociraptor can also acquire AFF4 images remotely
+velociraptor --config server.yaml frontend collect --artifact Windows.Disk.Acquire --args device="\\.\\PhysicalDrive0" format=AFF4
+```
+### FTK Imager (Windows & Linux)
+
+您可以 [下载 FTK Imager](https://accessdata.com/product-download) 并创建 **raw, E01 或 AFF4** 镜像：
+```bash
+ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 \
+--description 'Laptop seizure 2025-07-22' --examiner 'AnalystName' --compress 6
+```
+### EWF工具 (libewf)
+```bash
+sudo ewfacquire /dev/sdb -u evidence -c 1 -d "Seizure 2025-07-22" -e 1 -X examiner --format encase6 --compression best
+```
+### Imaging Cloud Disks
+
+*AWS* – 创建一个 **forensic snapshot** 而无需关闭实例：
+```bash
+aws ec2 create-snapshot --volume-id vol-01234567 --description "IR-case-1234 web-server 2025-07-22"
+# Copy the snapshot to S3 and download with aws cli / aws snowball
+```
+*Azure* – 使用 `az snapshot create` 并导出到 SAS URL。请参见 HackTricks 页面 {{#ref}}
+../../cloud/azure/azure-forensics.md
+{{#endref}}
+
+
 ## 挂载
 
-### 几种类型
+### 选择正确的方法
 
-在 **Windows** 上，您可以尝试使用 Arsenal Image Mounter 的免费版本 ([https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/)) 来 **挂载取证镜像**。
+1. 当您需要原始分区表（MBR/GPT）时，挂载 **整个磁盘**。
+2. 当您只需要一个卷时，挂载 **单个分区文件**。
+3. 始终以 **只读** 模式挂载 (`-o ro,norecovery`) 并在 **副本** 上工作。
 
-### 原始
+### 原始镜像 (dd, AFF4-extracted)
-```bash
-#Get file type
-file evidence.img
-evidence.img: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=1031571c-f398-4bfb-a414-b82b280cf299 (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files)
-
-#Mount it
-mount evidence.img /mnt
-```
-### EWF
-```bash
-#Get file type
-file evidence.E01
-evidence.E01: EWF/Expert Witness/EnCase image file format
-
-#Transform to raw
-mkdir output
-ewfmount evidence.E01 output/
-file output/ewf1
-output/ewf1: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=05acca66-d042-4ab2-9e9c-be813be09b24 (needs journal recovery) (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files)
-
-#Mount
-mount output/ewf1 -o ro,norecovery /mnt
-```
-### ArsenalImageMounter
-
-这是一个用于挂载卷的Windows应用程序。您可以在此处下载 [https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/)
-
-### 错误
-
-- **`cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only`** 在这种情况下，您需要使用标志 **`-o ro,norecovery`**
-- **`wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/loop0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.`** 在这种情况下，挂载失败是因为文件系统的偏移量与磁盘映像的偏移量不同。您需要找到扇区大小和起始扇区：
 ```bash
+# Identify partitions
 fdisk -l disk.img
-Disk disk.img: 102 MiB, 106954648 bytes, 208896 sectors
-Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
-Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
-I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
-Disklabel type: dos
-Disk identifier: 0x00495395
 
-Device        Boot Start    End Sectors  Size Id Type
+# Attach the image to a network block device (does not modify the file)
-disk.img1       2048 208895  206848  101M  1 FAT12
+sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16
+sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 --read-only disk.img
+
+# Inspect partitions
+lsblk /dev/nbd0 -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID
+
+# Mount a partition (e.g. /dev/nbd0p2)
+sudo mount -o ro,uid=$(id -u) /dev/nbd0p2 /mnt
 ```
-请注意扇区大小为 **512**，起始为 **2048**。然后像这样挂载镜像：
+完成后分离：
 ```bash
-mount disk.img /mnt -o ro,offset=$((2048*512))
+sudo umount /mnt && sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
 ```
+### EWF (E01/EWFX)
+```bash
+# 1. Mount the EWF container
+mkdir /mnt/ewf
+ewfmount evidence.E01 /mnt/ewf
+
+# 2. Attach the exposed raw file via qemu-nbd (safer than loop)
+sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd1 --read-only /mnt/ewf/ewf1
+
+# 3. Mount the desired partition
+sudo mount -o ro,norecovery /dev/nbd1p1 /mnt/evidence
+```
+或者使用 **xmount** 进行实时转换：
+```bash
+xmount --in ewf evidence.E01 --out raw /tmp/raw_mount
+mount -o ro /tmp/raw_mount/image.dd /mnt
+```
+### LVM / BitLocker / VeraCrypt 卷
+
+在附加块设备（loop 或 nbd）后：
+```bash
+# LVM
+sudo vgchange -ay               # activate logical volumes
+sudo lvscan | grep "/dev/nbd0"
+
+# BitLocker (dislocker)
+sudo dislocker -V /dev/nbd0p3 -u -- /mnt/bitlocker
+sudo mount -o ro /mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file /mnt/evidence
+```
+### kpartx helpers
+
+`kpartx` 自动将映像中的分区映射到 `/dev/mapper/`：
+```bash
+sudo kpartx -av disk.img  # creates /dev/mapper/loop0p1, loop0p2 …
+mount -o ro /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt
+```
+### 常见挂载错误及修复
+
+| 错误 | 典型原因 | 修复 |
+|-------|---------------|-----|
+| `cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only` | 日志文件系统 (ext4) 未干净卸载 | 使用 `-o ro,norecovery` |
+| `bad superblock …` | 错误的偏移量或损坏的文件系统 | 计算偏移量 (`sector*size`) 或在副本上运行 `fsck -n` |
+| `mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member'` | LVM 容器 | 使用 `vgchange -ay` 激活卷组 |
+
+### 清理
+
+记得 **umount** 和 **disconnect** 循环/nbd 设备，以避免留下可能会损坏后续工作的悬挂映射：
+```bash
+umount -Rl /mnt/evidence
+kpartx -dv /dev/loop0  # or qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0
+```
+## 参考
+
+- AFF4 成像工具公告与规格: https://github.com/aff4/aff4
+- qemu-nbd 手册页（安全挂载磁盘映像）: https://manpages.debian.org/qemu-system-common/qemu-nbd.1.en.html
+
 {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}