From 1f861ace15dfeabaf57b50d6fb3a173a1a139ed8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Translator Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2025 09:14:58 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Translated ['src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-meth --- .../image-acquisition-and-mount.md | 199 +++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 125 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md b/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md index 273b0bc6e..5a059c8bf 100644 --- a/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md +++ b/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md @@ -1,98 +1,149 @@ -# 图像采集与挂载 +# 图像获取与挂载 {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}} -## 采集 +## 获取 + +> 始终进行**只读**获取并**在复制时进行哈希**。保持原始设备**写保护**，仅在经过验证的副本上工作。 ### DD ```bash -#This will generate a raw copy of the disk -dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img +# Generate a raw, bit-by-bit image (no on-the-fly hashing) +dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img bs=4M status=progress conv=noerror,sync +# Verify integrity afterwards +sha256sum disk.img > disk.img.sha256 ``` -### dcfldd -```bash -#Raw copy with hashes along the way (more secur as it checks hashes while it's copying the data) -dcfldd if= of= bs=512 hash= hashwindow= hashlog= -dcfldd if=/dev/sdc of=/media/usb/pc.image hash=sha256 hashwindow=1M hashlog=/media/usb/pc.hashes -``` -### FTK Imager +### dc3dd / dcfldd -您可以[**从这里下载 FTK imager**](https://accessdata.com/product-download/debian-and-ubuntu-x64-3-1-1)。 +`dc3dd` 是 dcfldd (DoD 计算机取证实验室 dd) 的积极维护分支。 ```bash -ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 --description 'A description' --examiner 'Your name' +# Create an image and calculate multiple hashes at acquisition time +sudo dc3dd if=/dev/sdc of=/forensics/pc.img hash=sha256,sha1 hashlog=/forensics/pc.hashes log=/forensics/pc.log bs=1M ``` -### EWF - -您可以使用[ **ewf tools**](https://github.com/libyal/libewf)生成磁盘映像。 +### Guymager +图形化的多线程成像工具，支持 **raw (dd)**、**EWF (E01/EWFX)** 和 **AFF4** 输出，并具有并行验证功能。可在大多数 Linux 仓库中获取（`apt install guymager`）。 ```bash -ewfacquire /dev/sdb -#Name: evidence -#Case number: 1 -#Description: A description for the case -#Evidence number: 1 -#Examiner Name: Your name -#Media type: fixed -#Media characteristics: physical -#File format: encase6 -#Compression method: deflate -#Compression level: fast - -#Then use default values -#It will generate the disk image in the current directory +# Start in GUI mode +sudo guymager +# Or acquire from CLI (since v0.9.5) +sudo guymager --simulate --input /dev/sdb --format EWF --hash sha256 --output /evidence/drive.e01 ``` +### AFF4 (高级取证格式 4) + +AFF4 是谷歌为 *非常* 大的证据（稀疏、可恢复、云原生）设计的现代成像格式。 +```bash +# Acquire to AFF4 using the reference tool +pipx install aff4imager +sudo aff4imager acquire /dev/nvme0n1 /evidence/nvme.aff4 --hash sha256 + +# Velociraptor can also acquire AFF4 images remotely +velociraptor --config server.yaml frontend collect --artifact Windows.Disk.Acquire --args device="\\.\\PhysicalDrive0" format=AFF4 +``` +### FTK Imager (Windows & Linux) + +您可以 [下载 FTK Imager](https://accessdata.com/product-download) 并创建 **raw, E01 或 AFF4** 镜像： +```bash +ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 \ +--description 'Laptop seizure 2025-07-22' --examiner 'AnalystName' --compress 6 +``` +### EWF工具 (libewf) +```bash +sudo ewfacquire /dev/sdb -u evidence -c 1 -d "Seizure 2025-07-22" -e 1 -X examiner --format encase6 --compression best +``` +### Imaging Cloud Disks + +*AWS* – 创建一个 **forensic snapshot** 而无需关闭实例： +```bash +aws ec2 create-snapshot --volume-id vol-01234567 --description "IR-case-1234 web-server 2025-07-22" +# Copy the snapshot to S3 and download with aws cli / aws snowball +``` +*Azure* – 使用 `az snapshot create` 并导出到 SAS URL。请参见 HackTricks 页面 {{#ref}} +../../cloud/azure/azure-forensics.md +{{#endref}} + + ## 挂载 -### 几种类型 +### 选择正确的方法 -在 **Windows** 上，您可以尝试使用 Arsenal Image Mounter 的免费版本 ([https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/)) 来 **挂载取证镜像**。 +1. 当您需要原始分区表（MBR/GPT）时，挂载 **整个磁盘**。 +2. 当您只需要一个卷时，挂载 **单个分区文件**。 +3. 始终以 **只读** 模式挂载 (`-o ro,norecovery`) 并在 **副本** 上工作。 -### 原始 -```bash -#Get file type -file evidence.img -evidence.img: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=1031571c-f398-4bfb-a414-b82b280cf299 (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files) - -#Mount it -mount evidence.img /mnt -``` -### EWF -```bash -#Get file type -file evidence.E01 -evidence.E01: EWF/Expert Witness/EnCase image file format - -#Transform to raw -mkdir output -ewfmount evidence.E01 output/ -file output/ewf1 -output/ewf1: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=05acca66-d042-4ab2-9e9c-be813be09b24 (needs journal recovery) (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files) - -#Mount -mount output/ewf1 -o ro,norecovery /mnt -``` -### ArsenalImageMounter - -这是一个用于挂载卷的Windows应用程序。您可以在此处下载 [https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/) - -### 错误 - -- **`cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only`** 在这种情况下，您需要使用标志 **`-o ro,norecovery`** -- **`wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/loop0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.`** 在这种情况下，挂载失败是因为文件系统的偏移量与磁盘映像的偏移量不同。您需要找到扇区大小和起始扇区： +### 原始镜像 (dd, AFF4-extracted) ```bash +# Identify partitions fdisk -l disk.img -Disk disk.img: 102 MiB, 106954648 bytes, 208896 sectors -Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes -Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes -I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes -Disklabel type: dos -Disk identifier: 0x00495395 -Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type -disk.img1 2048 208895 206848 101M 1 FAT12 +# Attach the image to a network block device (does not modify the file) +sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16 +sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 --read-only disk.img + +# Inspect partitions +lsblk /dev/nbd0 -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID + +# Mount a partition (e.g. /dev/nbd0p2) +sudo mount -o ro,uid=$(id -u) /dev/nbd0p2 /mnt ``` -请注意扇区大小为 **512**，起始为 **2048**。然后像这样挂载镜像： +完成后分离： ```bash -mount disk.img /mnt -o ro,offset=$((2048*512)) +sudo umount /mnt && sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0 ``` +### EWF (E01/EWFX) +```bash +# 1. Mount the EWF container +mkdir /mnt/ewf +ewfmount evidence.E01 /mnt/ewf + +# 2. Attach the exposed raw file via qemu-nbd (safer than loop) +sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd1 --read-only /mnt/ewf/ewf1 + +# 3. Mount the desired partition +sudo mount -o ro,norecovery /dev/nbd1p1 /mnt/evidence +``` +或者使用 **xmount** 进行实时转换： +```bash +xmount --in ewf evidence.E01 --out raw /tmp/raw_mount +mount -o ro /tmp/raw_mount/image.dd /mnt +``` +### LVM / BitLocker / VeraCrypt 卷 + +在附加块设备（loop 或 nbd）后： +```bash +# LVM +sudo vgchange -ay # activate logical volumes +sudo lvscan | grep "/dev/nbd0" + +# BitLocker (dislocker) +sudo dislocker -V /dev/nbd0p3 -u -- /mnt/bitlocker +sudo mount -o ro /mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file /mnt/evidence +``` +### kpartx helpers + +`kpartx` 自动将映像中的分区映射到 `/dev/mapper/`： +```bash +sudo kpartx -av disk.img # creates /dev/mapper/loop0p1, loop0p2 … +mount -o ro /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt +``` +### 常见挂载错误及修复 + +| 错误 | 典型原因 | 修复 | +|-------|---------------|-----| +| `cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only` | 日志文件系统 (ext4) 未干净卸载 | 使用 `-o ro,norecovery` | +| `bad superblock …` | 错误的偏移量或损坏的文件系统 | 计算偏移量 (`sector*size`) 或在副本上运行 `fsck -n` | +| `mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member'` | LVM 容器 | 使用 `vgchange -ay` 激活卷组 | + +### 清理 + +记得 **umount** 和 **disconnect** 循环/nbd 设备，以避免留下可能会损坏后续工作的悬挂映射： +```bash +umount -Rl /mnt/evidence +kpartx -dv /dev/loop0 # or qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0 +``` +## 参考 + +- AFF4 成像工具公告与规格: https://github.com/aff4/aff4 +- qemu-nbd 手册页（安全挂载磁盘映像）: https://manpages.debian.org/qemu-system-common/qemu-nbd.1.en.html + {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}