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313 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
313 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
# macOS Objective-C
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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## Objective-C
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> [!CAUTION]
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> 请注意，用 Objective-C 编写的程序在编译成 [Mach-O binaries](macos-files-folders-and-binaries/universal-binaries-and-mach-o-format.md) 时 **保留** 其类声明。这些类声明 **包括** 的信息有：
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- 类名
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- 类方法
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- 类实例变量
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您可以使用 [**class-dump**](https://github.com/nygard/class-dump) 获取这些信息：
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```bash
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class-dump Kindle.app
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```
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请注意，这些名称可能会被混淆，以使二进制文件的逆向工程更加困难。
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## 类、方法和对象
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### 接口、属性和方法
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```objectivec
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// Declare the interface of the class
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@interface MyVehicle : NSObject
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// Declare the properties
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@property NSString *vehicleType;
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@property int numberOfWheels;
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// Declare the methods
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- (void)startEngine;
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- (void)addWheels:(int)value;
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@end
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```
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### **类**
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```objectivec
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@implementation MyVehicle : NSObject
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// No need to indicate the properties, only define methods
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- (void)startEngine {
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NSLog(@"Engine started");
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}
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- (void)addWheels:(int)value {
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self.numberOfWheels += value;
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}
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@end
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```
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### **对象与调用方法**
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要创建一个类的实例，调用 **`alloc`** 方法，该方法 **为每个属性分配内存** 并 **将这些分配置为零**。然后调用 **`init`**，该方法 **将属性初始化为所需的值**。
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```objectivec
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// Something like this:
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MyVehicle *newVehicle = [[MyVehicle alloc] init];
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// Which is usually expressed as:
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MyVehicle *newVehicle = [MyVehicle new];
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// To call a method
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// [myClassInstance nameOfTheMethodFirstParam:param1 secondParam:param2]
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[newVehicle addWheels:4];
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```
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### **类方法**
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类方法是用 **加号** (+) 定义的，而不是用于实例方法的 **减号** (-)。例如 **NSString** 类方法 **`stringWithString`**:
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```objectivec
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+ (id)stringWithString:(NSString *)aString;
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```
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### Setter & Getter
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要**设置**和**获取**属性，您可以使用**点表示法**或像**调用方法**一样进行：
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```objectivec
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// Set
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newVehicle.numberOfWheels = 2;
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[newVehicle setNumberOfWheels:3];
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// Get
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NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", newVehicle.numberOfWheels);
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NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", [newVehicle numberOfWheels]);
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```
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### **实例变量**
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除了 setter 和 getter 方法，你可以使用实例变量。这些变量与属性同名，但以 "_" 开头：
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```objectivec
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- (void)makeLongTruck {
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_numberOfWheels = +10000;
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NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", self.numberOfLeaves);
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}
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```
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### 协议
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协议是一组方法声明（没有属性）。实现协议的类实现声明的方法。
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方法有两种类型：**必需**和**可选**。默认情况下，方法是**必需**的（但您也可以使用**`@required`**标签来指示）。要指示方法是可选的，请使用**`@optional`**。
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```objectivec
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@protocol myNewProtocol
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- (void) method1; //mandatory
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@required
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- (void) method2; //mandatory
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@optional
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- (void) method3; //optional
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@end
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```
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### 一起
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```objectivec
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// gcc -framework Foundation test_obj.m -o test_obj
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#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
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@protocol myVehicleProtocol
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- (void) startEngine; //mandatory
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@required
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- (void) addWheels:(int)value; //mandatory
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@optional
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- (void) makeLongTruck; //optional
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@end
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@interface MyVehicle : NSObject <myVehicleProtocol>
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@property int numberOfWheels;
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- (void)startEngine;
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- (void)addWheels:(int)value;
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- (void)makeLongTruck;
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@end
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@implementation MyVehicle : NSObject
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- (void)startEngine {
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NSLog(@"Engine started");
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}
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- (void)addWheels:(int)value {
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self.numberOfWheels += value;
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}
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- (void)makeLongTruck {
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_numberOfWheels = +10000;
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NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", self.numberOfWheels);
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}
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@end
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int main() {
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MyVehicle* mySuperCar = [MyVehicle new];
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[mySuperCar startEngine];
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mySuperCar.numberOfWheels = 4;
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NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", mySuperCar.numberOfWheels);
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[mySuperCar setNumberOfWheels:3];
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NSLog(@"Number of wheels: %i", mySuperCar.numberOfWheels);
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[mySuperCar makeLongTruck];
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}
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```
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### 基本类
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#### 字符串
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```objectivec
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// NSString
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NSString *bookTitle = @"The Catcher in the Rye";
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NSString *bookAuthor = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"J.D. Salinger" encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
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NSString *bookPublicationYear = [NSString stringWithCString:"1951" encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
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```
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基本类是**不可变的**，因此要将一个字符串附加到现有字符串上，**需要创建一个新的NSString**。
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```objectivec
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NSString *bookDescription = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ by %@ was published in %@", bookTitle, bookAuthor, bookPublicationYear];
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```
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或者你也可以使用一个**可变**字符串类：
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```objectivec
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NSMutableString *mutableString = [NSMutableString stringWithString:@"The book "];
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[mutableString appendString:bookTitle];
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[mutableString appendString:@" was written by "];
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[mutableString appendString:bookAuthor];
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[mutableString appendString:@" and published in "];
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[mutableString appendString:bookPublicationYear];
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```
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#### 数字
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```objectivec
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// character literals.
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NSNumber *theLetterZ = @'Z'; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithChar:'Z']
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// integral literals.
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NSNumber *fortyTwo = @42; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithInt:42]
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NSNumber *fortyTwoUnsigned = @42U; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInt:42U]
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NSNumber *fortyTwoLong = @42L; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLong:42L]
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NSNumber *fortyTwoLongLong = @42LL; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithLongLong:42LL]
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// floating point literals.
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NSNumber *piFloat = @3.141592654F; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithFloat:3.141592654F]
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NSNumber *piDouble = @3.1415926535; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithDouble:3.1415926535]
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// BOOL literals.
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NSNumber *yesNumber = @YES; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:YES]
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NSNumber *noNumber = @NO; // equivalent to [NSNumber numberWithBool:NO]
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```
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#### 数组、集合和字典
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```objectivec
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// Inmutable arrays
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NSArray *colorsArray1 = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"red", @"green", @"blue", nil];
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NSArray *colorsArray2 = @[@"yellow", @"cyan", @"magenta"];
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NSArray *colorsArray3 = @[firstColor, secondColor, thirdColor];
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// Mutable arrays
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NSMutableArray *mutColorsArray = [NSMutableArray array];
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[mutColorsArray addObject:@"red"];
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[mutColorsArray addObject:@"green"];
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[mutColorsArray addObject:@"blue"];
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[mutColorsArray addObject:@"yellow"];
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[mutColorsArray replaceObjectAtIndex:0 withObject:@"purple"];
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// Inmutable Sets
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NSSet *fruitsSet1 = [NSSet setWithObjects:@"apple", @"banana", @"orange", nil];
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NSSet *fruitsSet2 = [NSSet setWithArray:@[@"apple", @"banana", @"orange"]];
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// Mutable sets
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NSMutableSet *mutFruitsSet = [NSMutableSet setWithObjects:@"apple", @"banana", @"orange", nil];
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[mutFruitsSet addObject:@"grape"];
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[mutFruitsSet removeObject:@"apple"];
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// Dictionary
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NSDictionary *fruitColorsDictionary = @{
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@"apple" : @"red",
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@"banana" : @"yellow",
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@"orange" : @"orange",
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@"grape" : @"purple"
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};
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// In dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys you specify the value and then the key:
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NSDictionary *fruitColorsDictionary2 = [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:
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@"red", @"apple",
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@"yellow", @"banana",
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@"orange", @"orange",
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@"purple", @"grape",
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nil];
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// Mutable dictionary
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NSMutableDictionary *mutFruitColorsDictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionaryWithDictionary:fruitColorsDictionary];
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[mutFruitColorsDictionary setObject:@"green" forKey:@"apple"];
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[mutFruitColorsDictionary removeObjectForKey:@"grape"];
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```
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### Blocks
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Blocks 是 **作为对象行为的函数**，因此可以传递给函数或 **存储** 在 **数组** 或 **字典** 中。此外，如果给定值，它们可以 **表示一个值**，因此类似于 lambdas。
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```objectivec
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returnType (^blockName)(argumentType1, argumentType2, ...) = ^(argumentType1 param1, argumentType2 param2, ...){
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//Perform operations here
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};
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// For example
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int (^suma)(int, int) = ^(int a, int b){
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return a+b;
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};
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NSLog(@"3+4 = %d", suma(3,4));
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```
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也可以**定义一个块类型作为函数中的参数**：
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```objectivec
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// Define the block type
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typedef void (^callbackLogger)(void);
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// Create a bloack with the block type
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callbackLogger myLogger = ^{
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NSLog(@"%@", @"This is my block");
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};
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// Use it inside a function as a param
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void genericLogger(callbackLogger blockParam) {
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NSLog(@"%@", @"This is my function");
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blockParam();
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}
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genericLogger(myLogger);
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// Call it inline
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genericLogger(^{
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NSLog(@"%@", @"This is my second block");
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});
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```
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### 文件
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```objectivec
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// Manager to manage files
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NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
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// Check if file exists:
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if ([fileManager fileExistsAtPath:@"/path/to/file.txt" ] == YES) {
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NSLog (@"File exists");
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}
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// copy files
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if ([fileManager copyItemAtPath: @"/path/to/file1.txt" toPath: @"/path/to/file2.txt" error:nil] == YES) {
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NSLog (@"Copy successful");
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}
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// Check if the content of 2 files match
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if ([fileManager contentsEqualAtPath:@"/path/to/file1.txt" andPath:@"/path/to/file2.txt"] == YES) {
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NSLog (@"File contents match");
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}
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// Delete file
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if ([fileManager removeItemAtPath:@"/path/to/file1.txt" error:nil]) {
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NSLog(@"Removed successfully");
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}
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```
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也可以使用 **`NSURL` 对象而不是 `NSString` 对象** 来管理文件。方法名称类似，但 **使用 `URL` 而不是 `Path`**。
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```objectivec
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```
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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