Translated ['src/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation

src/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac-os-architecture/macos-kernel-vulnerabilities.md

@@ -4,7 +4,93 @@
 
 ## [Pwning OTA](https://jhftss.github.io/The-Nightmare-of-Apple-OTA-Update/)
 
-[**Katika ripoti hii**](https://jhftss.github.io/The-Nightmare-of-Apple-OTA-Update/) zinaelezewa udhaifu kadhaa ambao ziliruhusu kuathiri kernel kwa kuathiri mchakato wa sasisho la programu.\
+[**Katika ripoti hii**](https://jhftss.github.io/The-Nightmare-of-Apple-OTA-Update/) zinaelezewa udhaifu kadhaa ambao uliruhusu kuathiri kernel kwa kuathiri mchakato wa sasisho la programu.\
 [**PoC**](https://github.com/jhftss/POC/tree/main/CVE-2022-46722).
 
+---
+
+## 2024: In-the-wild Kernel 0-days (CVE-2024-23225 & CVE-2024-23296)
+
+Apple ilirekebisha makosa mawili ya uharibifu wa kumbukumbu ambayo yalitumiwa kwa nguvu dhidi ya iOS na macOS mnamo Machi 2024 (iliyorekebishwa katika macOS 14.4/13.6.5/12.7.4).
+
+* **CVE-2024-23225 – Kernel**
+• Kuandika nje ya mipaka katika mfumo wa kumbukumbu wa XNU kunaruhusu mchakato usio na haki kupata kusoma/kuandika bila kikomo katika nafasi ya anwani ya kernel, ikipita PAC/KTRR.
+• Imeanzishwa kutoka kwa nafasi ya mtumiaji kupitia ujumbe wa XPC ulioandaliwa ambao unavunja buffer katika `libxpc`, kisha inahamia kwenye kernel wakati ujumbe unachambuliwa.
+* **CVE-2024-23296 – RTKit**
+• Uharibifu wa kumbukumbu katika RTKit ya Apple Silicon (co-processor wa wakati halisi).
+• Mnyororo wa unyakuzi ulioonekana ulitumia CVE-2024-23225 kwa R/W ya kernel na CVE-2024-23296 kutoroka kwenye sanduku la mchakataji salama wa co-processor na kuzima PAC.
+
+Patch level detection:
+```bash
+sw_vers                 # ProductVersion 14.4 or later is patched
+authenticate sudo sysctl kern.osversion  # 23E214 or later for Sonoma
+```
+Ikiwa kuboresha si iwezekanavyo, punguza kwa kuzima huduma zenye udhaifu:
+```bash
+launchctl disable system/com.apple.analyticsd
+launchctl disable system/com.apple.rtcreportingd
+```
+---
+
+## 2023: MIG Type-Confusion – CVE-2023-41075
+
+`mach_msg()` maombi yanayotumwa kwa mteja wa IOKit asiye na haki yanaweza kusababisha **kuchanganya aina** katika glue-code inayozalishwa na MIG. Wakati ujumbe wa majibu unavyojulikana tena kwa kutumia desktopu kubwa zaidi ya ile iliyotengwa awali, mshambuliaji anaweza kufikia **OOB write** iliyo na udhibiti katika maeneo ya kernel heap na hatimaye kupandisha hadhi hadi `root`.
+
+Muhtasari wa msingi (Sonoma 14.0-14.1, Ventura 13.5-13.6):
+```c
+// userspace stub
+typed_port_t p = get_user_client();
+uint8_t spray[0x4000] = {0x41};
+// heap-spray via IOSurfaceFastSetValue
+io_service_open_extended(...);
+// malformed MIG message triggers confusion
+mach_msg(&msg.header, MACH_SEND_MSG|MACH_RCV_MSG, ...);
+```
+Public exploits zinatumia hitilafu kwa:
+1. Kuweka `ipc_kmsg` buffers na viashiria vya bandari vilivyo hai.
+2. Kuandika upya `ip_kobject` wa bandari isiyofanya kazi.
+3. Kujaribu shellcode iliyopangwa kwenye anwani iliyoundwa na PAC kwa kutumia `mprotect()`.
+
+---
+
+## 2024-2025: SIP Bypass kupitia Kexts za Watu wa Tatu – CVE-2024-44243 (aka “Sigma”)
+
+Watafiti wa usalama kutoka Microsoft walionyesha kwamba daemon yenye mamlaka ya juu `storagekitd` inaweza kulazimishwa kupakia **kext ya kernel isiyo na saini** na hivyo kabisa kuzima **System Integrity Protection (SIP)** kwenye macOS iliyopangwa kikamilifu (kabla ya 15.2). Mchakato wa shambulio ni:
+
+1. Kutumia haki ya kibinafsi `com.apple.storagekitd.kernel-management` ili kuanzisha msaidizi chini ya udhibiti wa mshambuliaji.
+2. Msaidizi anaita `IOService::AddPersonalitiesFromKernelModule` na kamusi ya taarifa iliyoundwa ikielekeza kwenye kifurushi cha kext chenye uharibifu.
+3. Kwa sababu ukaguzi wa kuaminika wa SIP unafanywa *baada* ya kext kupangwa na `storagekitd`, msimbo unatekelezwa katika ring-0 kabla ya uthibitisho na SIP inaweza kuzimwa kwa `csr_set_allow_all(1)`.
+
+Vidokezo vya kugundua:
+```bash
+kmutil showloaded | grep -v com.apple   # list non-Apple kexts
+log stream --style syslog --predicate 'senderImagePath contains "storagekitd"'   # watch for suspicious child procs
+```
+Haraka ya kurekebisha ni kusasisha hadi macOS Sequoia 15.2 au baadaye.
+
+---
+
+### Kijitabu cha Haraka cha Kuorodhesha
+```bash
+uname -a                          # Kernel build
+kmutil showloaded                 # List loaded kernel extensions
+kextstat | grep -v com.apple      # Legacy (pre-Catalina) kext list
+sysctl kern.kaslr_enable          # Verify KASLR is ON (should be 1)
+csrutil status                    # Check SIP from RecoveryOS
+spctl --status                    # Confirms Gatekeeper state
+```
+---
+
+## Fuzzing & Research Tools
+
+* **Luftrauser** – Mach message fuzzer that targets MIG subsystems (`github.com/preshing/luftrauser`).
+* **oob-executor** – IPC out-of-bounds primitive generator used in CVE-2024-23225 research.
+* **kmutil inspect** – Built-in Apple utility (macOS 11+) to statically analyse kexts before loading: `kmutil inspect -b io.kext.bundleID`.
+
+
+
+## References
+
+* Apple. “Kuhusu maudhui ya usalama ya macOS Sonoma 14.4.” https://support.apple.com/en-us/120895
+* Microsoft Security Blog. “Kuchambua CVE-2024-44243, bypass ya Ulinzi wa Uadilifu wa Mfumo wa macOS kupitia nyongeza za kernel.” https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2025/01/13/analyzing-cve-2024-44243-a-macos-system-integrity-protection-bypass-through-kernel-extensions/
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