From 4ef51d8b67c123659cf0297c57ca35c84f2c32a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Translator Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2025 09:14:54 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Translated ['src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-meth --- .../image-acquisition-and-mount.md | 195 +++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 123 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-) diff --git a/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md b/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md index 77bdb196f..7a27a301d 100644 --- a/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md +++ b/src/generic-methodologies-and-resources/basic-forensic-methodology/image-acquisition-and-mount.md @@ -5,94 +5,145 @@ ## Verkryging +> Verkry altyd **slegs lees** en **hash terwyl jy kopieer**. Hou die oorspronklike toestel **skryfbeskerm** en werk slegs op geverifieerde kopieë. + ### DD ```bash -#This will generate a raw copy of the disk -dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img +# Generate a raw, bit-by-bit image (no on-the-fly hashing) +dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img bs=4M status=progress conv=noerror,sync +# Verify integrity afterwards +sha256sum disk.img > disk.img.sha256 ``` -### dcfldd -```bash -#Raw copy with hashes along the way (more secur as it checks hashes while it's copying the data) -dcfldd if= of= bs=512 hash= hashwindow= hashlog= -dcfldd if=/dev/sdc of=/media/usb/pc.image hash=sha256 hashwindow=1M hashlog=/media/usb/pc.hashes -``` -### FTK Imager +### dc3dd / dcfldd -Jy kan [**die FTK imager hier aflaai**](https://accessdata.com/product-download/debian-and-ubuntu-x64-3-1-1). +`dc3dd` is die aktief onderhoude fork van dcfldd (DoD Computer Forensics Lab dd). ```bash -ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 --description 'A description' --examiner 'Your name' +# Create an image and calculate multiple hashes at acquisition time +sudo dc3dd if=/dev/sdc of=/forensics/pc.img hash=sha256,sha1 hashlog=/forensics/pc.hashes log=/forensics/pc.log bs=1M ``` -### EWF - -Jy kan 'n skyfbeeld genereer met behulp van die[ **ewf tools**](https://github.com/libyal/libewf). +### Guymager +Grafiese, multithreaded imager wat **raw (dd)**, **EWF (E01/EWFX)** en **AFF4** uitvoer met parallelle verifikasie ondersteun. Beskikbaar in die meeste Linux repos (`apt install guymager`). ```bash -ewfacquire /dev/sdb -#Name: evidence -#Case number: 1 -#Description: A description for the case -#Evidence number: 1 -#Examiner Name: Your name -#Media type: fixed -#Media characteristics: physical -#File format: encase6 -#Compression method: deflate -#Compression level: fast - -#Then use default values -#It will generate the disk image in the current directory +# Start in GUI mode +sudo guymager +# Or acquire from CLI (since v0.9.5) +sudo guymager --simulate --input /dev/sdb --format EWF --hash sha256 --output /evidence/drive.e01 ``` +### AFF4 (Geavanceerde Forensiese Formaat 4) + +AFF4 is Google se moderne beeldformaat wat ontwerp is vir *baie* groot bewyse (spaar, hervatbaar, wolk-natiewe). +```bash +# Acquire to AFF4 using the reference tool +pipx install aff4imager +sudo aff4imager acquire /dev/nvme0n1 /evidence/nvme.aff4 --hash sha256 + +# Velociraptor can also acquire AFF4 images remotely +velociraptor --config server.yaml frontend collect --artifact Windows.Disk.Acquire --args device="\\.\\PhysicalDrive0" format=AFF4 +``` +### FTK Imager (Windows & Linux) + +Jy kan [FTK Imager aflaai](https://accessdata.com/product-download) en **raw, E01 of AFF4** beelde skep: +```bash +ftkimager /dev/sdb evidence --e01 --case-number 1 --evidence-number 1 \ +--description 'Laptop seizure 2025-07-22' --examiner 'AnalystName' --compress 6 +``` +### EWF gereedskap (libewf) +```bash +sudo ewfacquire /dev/sdb -u evidence -c 1 -d "Seizure 2025-07-22" -e 1 -X examiner --format encase6 --compression best +``` +### Beeldvorming van Wolk Skyfies + +*AWS* – skep 'n **forensiese snapshot** sonder om die instansie af te sluit: +```bash +aws ec2 create-snapshot --volume-id vol-01234567 --description "IR-case-1234 web-server 2025-07-22" +# Copy the snapshot to S3 and download with aws cli / aws snowball +``` +*Azure* – gebruik `az snapshot create` en voer uit na 'n SAS-URL. Sien die HackTricks-bladsy {{#ref}} +../../cloud/azure/azure-forensics.md +{{#endref}} + + ## Monteer -### Verskeie tipes +### Kies die regte benadering -In **Windows** kan jy probeer om die gratis weergawe van Arsenal Image Mounter ([https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/)) te gebruik om die **forensiese beeld** te **monteer**. +1. Monteer die **hele skyf** wanneer jy die oorspronklike partisie tabel (MBR/GPT) wil hê. +2. Monteer 'n **enkele partisie lêer** wanneer jy net een volume nodig het. +3. Monteer altyd **slegs lees** (`-o ro,norecovery`) en werk op **kopieë**. -### Rou -```bash -#Get file type -file evidence.img -evidence.img: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=1031571c-f398-4bfb-a414-b82b280cf299 (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files) - -#Mount it -mount evidence.img /mnt -``` -### EWF -```bash -#Get file type -file evidence.E01 -evidence.E01: EWF/Expert Witness/EnCase image file format - -#Transform to raw -mkdir output -ewfmount evidence.E01 output/ -file output/ewf1 -output/ewf1: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=05acca66-d042-4ab2-9e9c-be813be09b24 (needs journal recovery) (extents) (64bit) (large files) (huge files) - -#Mount -mount output/ewf1 -o ro,norecovery /mnt -``` -### ArsenalImageMounter - -Dit is 'n Windows-toepassing om volumes te monteer. Jy kan dit hier aflaai [https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/](https://arsenalrecon.com/downloads/) - -### Foute - -- **`cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only`** in hierdie geval moet jy die vlae **`-o ro,norecovery`** gebruik -- **`wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/loop0, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.`** in hierdie geval het die monteer gefaal omdat die offset van die lêerstelsel verskil van dié van die skyfbeeld. Jy moet die Sektor grootte en die Begin sektor vind: +### Rau beelde (dd, AFF4-uitgetrek) ```bash +# Identify partitions fdisk -l disk.img -Disk disk.img: 102 MiB, 106954648 bytes, 208896 sectors -Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes -Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes -I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes -Disklabel type: dos -Disk identifier: 0x00495395 -Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type -disk.img1 2048 208895 206848 101M 1 FAT12 +# Attach the image to a network block device (does not modify the file) +sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16 +sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd0 --read-only disk.img + +# Inspect partitions +lsblk /dev/nbd0 -o NAME,SIZE,TYPE,FSTYPE,LABEL,UUID + +# Mount a partition (e.g. /dev/nbd0p2) +sudo mount -o ro,uid=$(id -u) /dev/nbd0p2 /mnt ``` -Let op dat die sektor grootte **512** is en begin is **2048**. Monteer dan die beeld soos volg: +Ontkoppel wanneer klaar: ```bash -mount disk.img /mnt -o ro,offset=$((2048*512)) +sudo umount /mnt && sudo qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0 ``` +### EWF (E01/EWFX) +```bash +# 1. Mount the EWF container +mkdir /mnt/ewf +ewfmount evidence.E01 /mnt/ewf + +# 2. Attach the exposed raw file via qemu-nbd (safer than loop) +sudo qemu-nbd --connect=/dev/nbd1 --read-only /mnt/ewf/ewf1 + +# 3. Mount the desired partition +sudo mount -o ro,norecovery /dev/nbd1p1 /mnt/evidence +``` +Alternatiewelik op die vlieg omskakel met **xmount**: +```bash +xmount --in ewf evidence.E01 --out raw /tmp/raw_mount +mount -o ro /tmp/raw_mount/image.dd /mnt +``` +### LVM / BitLocker / VeraCrypt volumes + +Nadat die bloktoestel (loop of nbd) aangeheg is: +```bash +# LVM +sudo vgchange -ay # activate logical volumes +sudo lvscan | grep "/dev/nbd0" + +# BitLocker (dislocker) +sudo dislocker -V /dev/nbd0p3 -u -- /mnt/bitlocker +sudo mount -o ro /mnt/bitlocker/dislocker-file /mnt/evidence +``` +### kpartx helpers + +`kpartx` kaart partities van 'n beeld outomaties na `/dev/mapper/`: +```bash +sudo kpartx -av disk.img # creates /dev/mapper/loop0p1, loop0p2 … +mount -o ro /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt +``` +### Algemene monteerfoute & oplossings + +| Fout | Tipiese Oorsaak | Oplossing | +|-------|---------------|-----| +| `cannot mount /dev/loop0 read-only` | Journaled FS (ext4) nie skoon ontkoppel nie | gebruik `-o ro,norecovery` | +| `bad superblock …` | Verkeerde offset of beskadigde FS | bereken offset (`sector*size`) of voer `fsck -n` op 'n kopie uit | +| `mount: unknown filesystem type 'LVM2_member'` | LVM houer | aktiveer volume groep met `vgchange -ay` | + +### Skoonmaak + +Onthou om **umount** en **ontkoppel** loop/nbd toestelle om te verhoed dat daar losstaande kaarte agterbly wat verdere werk kan beskadig: +```bash +umount -Rl /mnt/evidence +kpartx -dv /dev/loop0 # or qemu-nbd --disconnect /dev/nbd0 +``` +## Verwysings + +- AFF4 beeldvorming hulpmiddel aankondiging & spesifikasie: https://github.com/aff4/aff4 +- qemu-nbd handleiding bladsy (veiligheid van skyfbeeldes monteer): https://manpages.debian.org/qemu-system-common/qemu-nbd.1.en.html + {{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}